斯宾塞《教育论》近代中日首译本译词对比研究

A Contrastive Study of the Word Translation in Modern First Chinese and Japanese Version of Spencer’s Education

摘要: 中国人颜永京的《肄业要览》(1882)和日本学者尺振八的『斯氏教育论』(1880)分别是斯宾塞《教育论》(1860)一书的首个中译本和日译本。中日译本各自独立成书，且翻译时间接近，是对比研究中日近代新词、译词的绝佳素材。本论文从中日同形译词、中日非同形译词、未译词三方面考察了中日译本九十一组译词。研究结果表明，日译本从数量上更大程度地对应了英文原词，译词也更多地保留在现代日语中；如今中日已然同形的词在中日译本中却是一套非同形词，数量远超同形译词。研究结果最终证实了一个论点：19世纪80年代左右汉语对日语的影响明显减弱，日本不需要再从中国借用词汇了，汉语和日语处于相对独立创造译词的阶段。

Abstract: The first Chinese and Japanese versions of Spencer’s Education (1860) are Yan Yongjing’s “The Essentials of Learning” (1882) and Japanese scholar Ski Shinpachi’s “Spencer’s Education” (1880). The Chinese and Japanese versions are independently written and the translation time is close, which is the best material for contrastive study of neologisms and translation words in modern China and Japan. This thesis investigates 91 groups of Chinese-Japanese translations from three aspects: Chinese-Japanese homographs, Chinese-Japanese non-homographs and untranslated words. The results show that the Japanese version corresponds to the English original words to a greater extent in quantity and the translated words are more retained in modern Japanese. In addition, homographs in contemporary Chinese and Japanese are a set of non-homographs in the Chinese and Japanese versions, and the number of non-homographs far exceeds the number of homographs. The results of the study finally confirmed an argument: the influence of Chinese on Japanese was significantly weakened in the 1880s, Japan did not need to borrow vocabulary from China, and Chinese and Japanese were at a stage of relatively independent in creating the translation words.