世界荷花品种资源统计及特征分析

Analysis of the Cultivar Names and Characteristics of Global Lotus (Nelumbo)

摘要: 通过查阅文献、网站和企业宣传手册等，对世界范围的荷花品种资源进行全面梳理，并分析了相关特征，包括品种的栽培国家、时间分布、命名、育种情况、生物学特性、流行度、品种国际交流、资源保存和品种国际登录情况等，结果发现：1) 全球已出现约4500个荷花品种名称，其中正式文献记载的名称为2080个(含国际登录142个)，未发表的有2412个，但存在一些同品异名、同名异品及命名不符规范的情况；2) 品种记载数量最多的为中国，其次是日本、美国，而欧洲和非洲很少有；3) 少数品种为1960年前记载，绝大部分为1960年后培育或发现，荷花育种队伍不断壮大；4) 荷花品种资源中温带莲、花莲居多，热带莲、藕莲和子莲少；大、中株型多于小株型；花色品种数量表现为：红莲型 > 粉莲型 > 白莲型 > 复色型 > 黄莲型 > 洒锦型；花型品种数量表现为：单瓣 > 重瓣 > 半重瓣 > 重台 > 千瓣；5) 名称出现频率前十的分别是‘伯里夫人’、‘大洒锦’、‘友谊牡丹莲’、‘千瓣莲’、‘红台莲’、美洲黄莲、‘粉千叶’、‘舞妃莲’、‘小洒锦’、‘红唇’，反映出传统的经典品种和美洲莲流行度最高；6) 世界荷花品种资源的国际交流日益加强，但资源信息记录通常不完整，优良品种的保护也有待加强。该项研究首次调查分析了世界荷花品种数量、名称及相关特征，对将来的荷花育种、信息记录和资源保存等工作具有很好的指导意义。

Abstract: Through a comprehensive review on the data of the global lotus (Nelumbo) cultivars from the literatures, websites and brochures of nurseries, the relevant characteristics were analyzed, including the cultivated countries, temporal distribution, nomenclature, breeding information, biological characteristics, popularity, international exchange, germplasm conservation, and international registered cultivars. The results showed: 1) In total, about 4500 names of lotus cultivars occurred in the world, including 2,080 (142 internationally registered) officially published and 2412 unpublished names. There are some cases of the same cultivar with different names, the same name for the different cultivars, and the irrational naming. 2) The largest number of lotus cultivar names was recorded in China, followed by Japan and the United States, while the cultivar names were rarely seen in Europe and Africa. 3) The majority of lotus cultivars were bred or discovered after 1960, and only a very small number occurred before 1960. Meanwhile, the number of breeding teams has been continuing to grow. 4) The cultivars of temperate lotus and flower lotus are far more than those of the tropical lotus, tuber lotus and seed lotus. The cultivars of the large and medium plant size are more than those of the small plant size. The largest number of lotus cultivars is red flower, followed by pink, white, multicolor, yellow and sprinkled type. For the flower form, the cultivars with single flower are more than those with double, semi-double, duplicated layered, and thousand-petalled, respectively. 5) ‘Mrs. Perry D. Slocum’, ‘Da Sajin’, ‘Youyi Mudan Lian’, ‘Qianban Lian’, ‘Hongtai Lian’, Nelumbo lutea, ‘Fen Qianye’, ‘Wufei Lian’, ‘Xiao Sajin’ and ‘Hong Chun’ are the top ten cultivars with the highest frequency of name record, reflecting the highest popularity of the classic cultivars and N. lutea. 6) Although the exchange of lotus cultivars is globally increasing, the data related to the cultivars remain incomplete, and also more attentions should be paid to prevent loss of the high-quality cultivars. This study is the first time to investigate the number of the global lotus cultivars, their names and the related characteristics, and the results will be a good reference for breeding, data record and germplasm protection of lotus in the future.