静止的脸：历史及研究发展
The Research History and Development of Still Face Paradigm
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2019.95112, PDF,   
作者: 周晨琛：北京工业大学，学生心理发展指导中心，北京；易春丽：北京大学心理与认知科学学院，行为与心理健康北京市重点实验室，北京
关键词: 静止的脸；实验范式；依恋；亲子互动；Still Face； Experimental Paradigm； Attachment； Parent-Child Interaction
摘要: 静止脸效应(still face effect)是母婴互动中出现的一种现象，当母亲在正常互动中突然表现出“对孩子完全没有反应，并且保持面无表情”时，婴儿也会有相应的回避退缩等行为改变。由于该效应能较为直观地反映婴儿多方面的能力发展，从20世纪70年代起逐渐引起了心理学家的关注。近年来已有许多学者将其标准化为一种实验范式，并使用该实验范式对婴儿的各方面发展进行了研究，涉及的领域包括健康儿童的气质类型、依恋关系、情绪调节能力，自闭症儿童及唐氏综合症儿童社会性发展，母亲特质对亲子互动的影响等。该效应的应用在科学研究及临床干预方面都具有非凡的意义。
Abstract: Still face effect is a phenomenon observed in the interaction between infants and mothers, when the mother suddenly becomes unresponsive and maintains a neutral facial expression, infant will become withdraw and have avoidant behaviors. This phenomenon has attracted the attention of psychologists during 1970s because it can directly reveal the development of infants from many aspects. In recent years, a number of scholars have standardized this phenomenon into an experimental paradigm, and use this paradigm to analyze the development of infants from different aspects, including fields about temperament, attachment relationship, emotion regulation of healthy children, social ability of children with autism or Down’s syndrome, and the impact of mother traits on the interaction between mother and child. In all, the application of this effect has extraordinary significance in the field of scientific research and clinical intervention.
文章引用：周晨琛, 易春丽 (2019). 静止的脸：历史及研究发展. 心理学进展, 9(5), 911-917. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2019.95112

参考文献

[1] Adamson, L. B., & Frick, J. E. (2003). The Still Face: A History of a Shared Experimental Paradigm. Infancy, 4, 451-473.[CrossRef] 
[2] Apter, G., Devouche, E., Garez, V., Valente, M., Genet, M. C., Gratier, M. et al. (2017). The Still-Face: A Greater Challenge for Infants of Mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 31, 156.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Aronson, E., & Rosenbloom, S. (1971). Space Perception in Early Infancy: Perception within a Common Auditory-Visual Space. Science, 172, 1161-1163.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Braungart-Rieker, J., Garwood, M. M., Powers, B. P., & Notaro, P. C. (1998). Infant Affect and Affect Regulation during the Still-Face Paradigm with Mothers and Fathers: The Role of Infant Characteristics and Parental Sensitivity. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1428-1437.[CrossRef] 
[5] Braungart-Rieker, J., Zentall, S., Lickenbrock, D., Ekas, N., Oshio, T., & Planalp, E. (2014). Attachment in the Making: Mother and Father Sensitivity and Infants’ Responses during the Still-Face Paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 125, 63-84.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Cohn, J. F., Campbell, S. B., & Ross, S. (1991). Infant Response in the Still-Face Paradigm at 6 Months Predicts Avoidant and Secure Attachment at 12 Months. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 367-376.[CrossRef] 
[7] Conradt, E., & Ablow, J. (2010). Infant Physiological Response to the Still-Face Paradigm: Contributions of Maternal Sensitivity and Infants’ Early Regulatory Behavior. Infant Behavior & Development, 33, 251-265.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Coppola, G., Aureli, T., Grazia, A., & Ponzetti, S. (2016). Reunion Patterns in the Still-Face Paradigm as Predicted by Maternal Sensitivity and Dyadic Coordination. Infancy, 21, 453-477.[CrossRef] 
[9] Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Feijo, L., Vera, Y., Gil, K., & Sanders, C. (2007). Still-Face and Separation Effects on Depressed Mother-Infant Interactions. Infant Mental Health Journal, 28, 314-323.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Graham, K. A. et al. (2018). Effects of Maternal Depression in the Still-Face Paradigm: A Meta-Analysis. Infant Behavior and Development, 50, 154-164.
[11] Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2009). The Many Faces of the Still-Face Paradigm: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Developmental Review, 29, 120-162.[CrossRef] 
[12] Moore, D. G., Oates, J. M., Goodwin, J., & Hobson, R. P. (2008). Behavior of Mothers and Infants with and without Down Syndrome during the Still-Face Procedure. Infancy, 13, 75-89.[CrossRef] 
[13] Moore, D. G., Oates, J. M., Hobson, R. P., & Goodwin, J. (2002). Cognitive and Social Factors in the Development of Infants with Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 8, 43.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Muir, D., & Lee, K. (2003). The Still-Face Effect: Methodological Issues and New Applications. Infancy, 4, 483-491.[CrossRef] 
[15] Nadel, J., Croue, S., Mattlinger, M., Canet, P., Hudelot, C., Lecuyer, C., & Martini, M. (2000). Do Children with Autism Have Expectancies about the Social Behaviour of Unfamiliar People? A Pilot Study Using the Still Face Paradigm. Autism, 4, 133-145.[CrossRef] 
[16] Stechler, G., & Latz, E. (1966). Some Observations on Attention and Arousal in the Human Infant. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 517-525.[CrossRef] 
[17] Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The Infant’s Response to Entrapment between Contradictory Messages in Face-to-Face Interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 1.[CrossRef] 
[18] Verhage, S. L., & Huijbregts, S. C. J. (2013). The Effects of Maternal Depression on Maternal Behavior and Infant’s Emotion Regulation during the Still-Face Paradigm. Composite Structures, 95, 264-277.
[19] Vieites, V., & Reeb-Sutherland, B. C. (2017). Individual Differences in Non-Clinical Maternal Depression Impact Infant Affect and Behavior during the Still-Face Paradigm across the First Year. Infant Behavior and Development, 47, 13-21.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Wagner, N. J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Propper, C. B., Willoughby, M. T., Rehder, P. D., Moore, G. A. et al. (2016). Associations between Infant Behaviors during the Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm and Oppositional Defiant and Callous-Unemotional Behaviors in Early Childhood. Journal of Ab-normal Child Psychology, 44, 1439-1453.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Wilcox, B. M., & Clayton, F. L. (1968). Infant Visual Fixation on Motion Pictures of the Human Face. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 6, 22.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Yoo, K., & Reeb-Sutherland, B. (2013). Effects of Negative Temperament on 5-Month-Old Infants’ Behavior during the Still-Face Paradigm. Infant Behavior & Development, 36, 344-348.[CrossRef] [PubMed]