顾实汗经略青藏与格鲁派、清政府的关系发展探析

An Analysis of Gu Shihan Governing Qingzang and the Development of Relations with the Gelug Sect and the Qing Government

摘要: 明朝末年，格鲁派处于却图汗、百利土司、藏巴汗等敌对势力的联合压迫下，处境岌岌可危，为此格鲁派向厄鲁特蒙古部发出求援，和硕特部顾实汗应邀进入青藏地区，开始了一系列的铲除格鲁派敌对势力的行动，最终统一青藏地区，与格鲁派之间建立起亲密关系，成立蒙藏联合的甘丹颇章政权，顾实汗成为青藏地区最高统治者。同时期，在东北地区满洲贵族建立的大清政权，已有逐鹿中原之势。顾实汗进入青海初就积极与清建立政治联系，随后双方交往越来越密切，双方关系从初步接触到朝贡不绝、互遣使者，清朝也通过顾实汗加强与格鲁派高层之间的关系，双方也由地方政权之间的关系转变成地方与中央的关系。在顾实汗经略青藏时期，顾实汗、格鲁派、清政府三者之间因相互利用而形成一种相对平衡而友好的关系格局。

Abstract: At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Gelug Sect was under the combined oppression of hostile forces such as Quetu Khan, Baili Tusi, and Tsangpa Khan. The situation was in jeopardy; the Gelug Sect sent a request for help to the Mongolian Ministry of Erut. Qosot’s Gu Shihan then entered the Qinghai-Tibet region and began a series of actions to eradicate the Gelug Sect hostile forces. He eventually unified the Qinghai-Tibet region and established a close relationship with the Gelug Sect, founded the Gandanpozhang regime of Mongolia-Tibet alliance, and Gu Shihan became the supreme ruler of the Qinghai-Tibet region. At the same time, the Manchu nobility established the Qing government in the northeastern region and it has already competed in the Central Plains. Gu Shihan actively established political ties with the Qing Dynasty at the beginning of his entry into Qinghai. Later, the exchanges between the two sides became closer and closer. The bilateral relations were from initial contacts to endless tribute and mutual sending envoys. The Qing Dynasty also strengthened the relationship with the senior officials of the Gelug faction through Gu Shihan. The relationship between the two sides is also changed from an equal local government to a relationship between the local government and the central government. During the period of Gu Shihan’s reign in Qinghai and Tibet, a relatively balanced and friendly relationship was formed among Gu Shihan, the Gelug Sect and the Qing government because of their respective interests.