化肥与沼肥配施水肥一体化对小麦产量与水分利用的影响

Effects of Integration of Water and Fertilizer Application of Chemical Fertilizer and Biogas Fertilizer Combination on the Yield of Wheat and WUE

摘要: 为提高农业废弃物的资源化高效利用，减少环境污染，促进农作物水肥一体化的节本增效和增产提质，实现沼液的科学利用和化肥减投入，2016~2018年在郸城试验基地开展了化肥与沼渣沼液配施水肥一体化对小麦生长发育、产量和水分利用的影响研究。实验中建立了三种模式，且设置全程沼渣沼液、化肥与沼渣沼液配施、化肥。即1) 沼渣60 t/hm²，2) 沼渣30 t/hm² + 灌浆期沼液7.5 t/hm²，3) 沼渣30 t/hm² + 返青–拔节期沼液22.5 t/hm² + 抽穗–扬花期沼液12 t/hm²，4) 沼渣30 t/hm² + 返青–拔节期沼液22.5 t/hm² + 抽穗期沼液12 t/hm² + 灌浆期沼液7.5 t/hm²，5) 沼渣30 t/hm² + 450 kg/hm²专用肥 + 拔节期沼液15 t/hm²，6) 沼渣30 t/hm² + 600 kg/hm²专用肥 + 拔节期沼液15 t/hm²，7) 沼渣30 t/hm² + 750 kg/hm²专用肥 + 拔节期沼液15 t/hm²，8) 沼渣30 t/hm² + 450 kg/hm²专用肥 + 抽穗期沼液15 t/hm²，9) 沼渣30 t/hm² + 450 kg/hm²专用肥 + 灌浆期沼液12 t/hm²，10) 750 kg/hm²专用肥 + 返青–拔节期沼液22.5 t/hm² + 抽穗期沼液12 t/hm²，11) 纯沼液处理(底施30 t/hm² + 返青–拔节期15 t/hm² + 抽穗期12 t/hm² + 灌浆期15 t/hm²)，12) 常规耕作(专用肥750 kg/hm² + 追肥225 kg/hm²尿素)。结果表明沼渣沼液的应用有利于改善小麦生长发育性状，对株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量都有不同程度的改善，同时不孕穗下降。与对照相比，株高提高1.31~15.92 cm，处理7最高，穗长增长0.01~0.60 cm，处理2最长，小穗数增加0.08~2.32个，处理5最多，穗粒数为0.87~11.32粒，处理11最多，千粒质量提高0.12~5.50 g，处理11最重。不孕穗分别减少1.89~5.09穗，处理11减少最多。从而有效地提高了小麦单位质量和品质，与对照6022.5 kg/hm²相比，分别增加0.70%~57.58%，水分利用效率与产量保持相同的趋势，分别较对照15.03 kg/mm∙hm²相比，提高0.31~8.96 kg/mm∙hm²，均以处理11提高幅度最大，分别提高57.58%和8.96 kg/mm∙hm²，小麦蛋白质和粗淀粉含量分别提高0.30 g/100g~1.00 g/100g和0.57%~2.22%，也以处理11为最佳。与沼渣处理相比，除了处理2和处理6，有着相同的变化趋势，但对小麦蛋白质的影响只有处理10和处理11有所提高。总之，底施450~750 kg/hm²化肥配施拔节期和抽穗期2次沼液或全程沼液的模式，有利于实现氮肥减施、产量和品质的共同提高，同时减少有机废弃物对环境的污染。

Abstract: In order to improve the efficient utilization of agricultural wastes, and reduce environmental pol-lution, and promote crops saving cost and increasing efficiency and increasing production and quality under the integration of water and fertilizer, which is to realize scientific utilization of biogas slurry and reduce the input of chemical fertilizer. The experiment of the effect of integration of chemical fertilizer and biogas residue & biogas liquid combined application on wheat growth, yield and water use was studied in Dancheng county of Henan province from 2016 to 2018. Three modes were set up in the experiment, which included biogas residue & biogas liquid, chemical fertilizer and biogas residue & biogas liquid, and chemical fertilizer, including: 1) Biogas residue 60 t/ha . 2) Biogas residue 30 t/ha and biogas liquid 7.5 t/ha at the filling stage. 3) Biogas residue 30 t/ha and biogas liquid 22.5 t/ha at the returning green to jointing stage and biogas liquid 12 t/ha at the heading and flowering stage. 4) Biogas residue 30 t/ha and biogas liquid 22.5 t/ha at the returning green to jointing stage and biogas liquid 12 t/ha at the heading and flowering stage and biogas liquid 7.5 t/ha at the filling stage. 5) Biogas residue 30 t/ha and special fertilizer 450 kg/ha and biogas liquid 15 t/ha at the jointing stage. 6) Biogas residue 30 t/ha and special fertilizer 600 kg/ha and biogas liquid 15 t/ha at the jointing stage. 7) Biogas residue 30 t/ha and special fertilizer 750 kg/ha and biogas liquid 15 t/ha at the jointing stage. 8) Biogas residue 30 t/ha and special fertilizer 450 kg/ha and biogas liquid 15 t/ha at the heading stage. 9) Biogas residue 30 t/ha and special fertilizer 450 kg/ha and biogas liquid 12 t/ha at the filling stage. 10) Special fertilizer 750 kg/ha and biogas liquid 22.5 t/ha at the returning green to jointing stage and biogas liquid 12t/ha at the heading and flowering stage. 11) Pure biogas liquid (Bottom 30 t/ha and 15 t/ha at the returning to jointing stage and 12 t/ha at the heading stage and 15 t/ha at the filling stage). 12) Conventional tillage (Special fertilizer 750 kg/ha and topdressing urea 225 kg/ha). The results showed that the application of biogas liquid and biogas residue could improve the growth and de-velopment traits of the wheat, such as plant height, ear length, spikelet number, grain number per spike, and 1000 grain quality, and the sterile ear dropped at the same time. The plant height was increased 1.31 - 15.92 cm compared with the control, among which the highest was treatment 7. The ear length was increased 0.01 - 0.60 cm, among which the longest one was treatment 2. The number of spikelet was increased 0.08 - 2.32, among which the best one was treatment 5. The number of grains per ear was improved 0.87 - 11.32 grains, which the best one was treatment 11. The quality of 1000 seeds was increased 0.12 - 5.50 g, among which the heaviest one was treatment 11. The sterile ears decreased 1.89 - 5.09 ears respectively, among which the best one was treatment 11. Therefore, the yield and quality of winter wheat was improved effectively, compared with the control yield of 6022.5 kg/ha, which increased 0.70% - 57.58% respectively. The water use efficiency had the same trend with the yield. Compared with the control of 15.03 kg mm∙ha, the water use efficiency increased 0.31 - 8.96 kg/mm∙ha. All of that, the best one was treatment 11, which was increased 57.58% and 8.96 kg/mm∙ha respectively. The protein and crude starch content were increased 0.30 g/100g - 1.00 g/100g and 0.57% - 2.22% respectively, and the best one is also treatment 11. Compared with the treatment of biogas residue, the same trend was observed except the treatment 2 and the treatment 6, but the protein was only improved by the treatment 10 and the treatment 11. In a word, the best mode is the application of chemical fertilizer within 450 - 750 kg/ha and 2 times topdressing of biogas liquid at the jointing stage and heading stage or full-scale biogas slurry, which is beneficial to reduce the application of nitrogen fertilizer, and improve the yield and the quality, and reduce the environment pollution of organic waste.