干旱区绿洲葡萄地土壤施肥方式改变可行性研究——以鄯善县连木沁镇葡萄地为例

Feasibility Study on the Change of Soil Fertilization Mode in Oasis Grape Field in Arid Area—Taking the Grape Fields in Lamjin Town, Shanshan County as an Example

摘要: 目的：极端干旱区绿洲葡萄地土壤做了施肥方式改革试验，减少化肥使用量提高或保证绿洲土壤生产力的可能性对比研究。方法：通过葡萄树不同生长期生理特性实行化肥滴施、喷施方式试图减少埋施时与水流失。所得数据作对比研究。结果：检验0~50 cm所取20个样品中，土粒直径大于1 mm的占9%，最少1%，相差8%，平均5%；0.25~1 mm之间颗粒占80%，最小41%，相差40%，平均62%；0.072~0.25 mm之间的占54%，最少15%；小于0.075 mm的只占5%，最少可占1%，相差4%，平均3%。实验数据显示，葡萄滴肥、喷肥条件下，试验区鲜葡萄单粒均重2.32 g，与对比区低0.06 g；每100粒均重246.70 g，与对比区相比高14.72 g。葡萄干检测中：单粒均重0.46 g，与对比区相比高0.05 g；每100粒均重43.24 g，与对比区相比高1.12 g。此外，送化验数据显示：大量元素P、K分别多28 mg、314.8 mg；中量元素Ca、Mg分别多18.77 mg、5.6 mg；微量元素Fe、Na分别多2.3 mg、13.85 mg。结论：通过改变施肥方式少用1/10化肥也可实现单产量增2.66%，这相当于一亩地多收26.66 kg葡萄干。市场价格计算多收入399元。改变施肥方式无论是对环保，还是节约资源，提高经济收入，发展精准农业都有着很广的研究潜力：1) 利用化肥滴施和喷施方式不仅能提高农作物产量，而且可以大量减少化肥使用，提高化肥使用率和环保效力；2) 试验区土壤结构和物理性质不够理想的沙壤土也通过化肥滴施和喷施同样与当地单产量高的葡萄地还要多，试验区仅仅是这个吐鲁番地区大果园里的一个棵树，但是，研究干旱区绿洲土壤施肥管理和农业生产方面值得一赞，进一步研究，扩大经验；3) 滴施和喷施是干旱区绿洲土壤作业中，可实施的最佳手段，他不仅省事而且更有经济效益。

Abstract: Objectives: The soil Fertilization method reform experiment was carried out in the oasis grape field in the extreme arid area. It is a comparative study to reduce the likelihood of chemical ferti-lizer use and to ensure the productivity of oasis soil. Methods: Through the physiological charac-teristics of different growth periods of grapes, fertilizer drop and spraying application methods were used to reduce the burying application and leaching loss, concluded by the experiment analysis of the test area and contrast area. Results: Among the 20 samples taken from 0 - 50 cm in test area, the soil particles larger than 1 mm accounted for 9%, at least 1%, and the difference was 8%, with an average of 5%; between 0.25 - 1 mm, the particles accounted for 80% and the minimum was 41%. The difference is 40%; the average is 62%; the percentage between 0.072 - 0.25 mm is 54%; the minimum is 15%; the less than 0.075 mm is only 5%; the minimum is 1%; the difference is 4%; the average is 3%. The tested data showed that under the conditions of grape drip and spray fertilizer, the fresh grapes weight in the test area was 2.32 g and lower than comparison area that was 0.06 g; every 100 Granule of grapes was weighed 246.70 g, which was 14.72 g higher than the comparison area. In the raisin test, the average weight of the single Granule was 0.46 g, which was 0.05 g higher than the comparison area; the weight per 100 grains was 43.24 g, which was 1.12 g higher than that of the comparison area. In addition, the data of the test showed that: Large amount of nutrients P and K were 28 mg and 314.8 mg, respectively; Medium nutrients Ca and Mg were 18.77 mg and 5.6 mg, respectively; and the Micronutrients Fe and Na were 2.3 mg and 13.85 mg, respectively. Conclusions: By changing the fertilization method, using 1/10 less fertilizer, the single yield can also be increased yield 2.66%, which is equivalent to per One mu (equal to 0.07 Hectare). It can increase 26.66 kg more harvest per mu calculating by the selling price. It is equal to 399 Yuan as. The Changing the fertilization method is not only environmental protection, but also saving resources, improving economic income, and developing precision agriculture. It has a further research potential: 1. It can not only increase crop yield through drip and spraying application, but also reduce fertilizer use and increase fertilizer utilization rate, and have a role of protecting the environment; 2. The sandy loam soil with poor soil structure and physical properties in the test area is also more harvest than the local single-yield grape field by fertilizer drop and spraying application. The test area is only in the single orchard in the Turpan basin. A vines, however, is worthy of a study on the fertilization management and agricultural production of the oasis soil in the arid area. It is worth to further study and expand experience; 3. Drip application and spraying are the best means of implementation in the oasis soil operation in the arid region. Change of Soil Fertilization can not only save trouble but also has more economic benefits.