皮亚杰儿童智力发展理论述评——兼论基于建构主义的人工智能

A Review of Piaget’s Theory of Children’s Intellectual Development

摘要: 皮亚杰对儿童认知心理的研究，独辟蹊径。尤其对智力及相关概念的阐释，为学者们理解智力的本质、起源和发展，这些千百年的难题带来了一丝曙光。儿童智力发展理论作为皮亚杰发生认知论的重要组成部分，是发展心理学的一个独特研究领域，详尽解释了智力、同化、顺化之间的关系，强调智力发展归根结底就是心理结构的转变，具有明显的建构主义色彩。虽然皮亚杰相关理论一直受到质疑，但时至今日，尤其在教育教学的理论指导上依然保持着强大的生命力。文章以皮亚杰的著作《教育科学与儿童心理学》为主线，择选要点章节，重点讨论智力、思维、运算、认知发展、反思、自我意识等内容，希望能够通过分析，得到一些有意义的启示，使其可以在一定程度弥补当前人工智能理论研究的缺陷，初步提出建构主义人工智能概念，尝试将建构主义智力观、认知观与人工智能理论结合，是一项探索性研究。文章首先对皮亚杰《教育科学与儿童心理学》有关内容进行概述和思辨，进而阐述学者们对皮亚杰理论的评价，最后论述人工智能理论可以从儿童智力发展理论获得的启发。

Abstract: Piaget’s research on children’s cognitive psychology is unique. In particular, the interpretation of intelligence and related concepts brings a glimmer of light for scholars to understand the essence, origin and development of intelligence. As an important part of Piaget’s generative epistemology, the theory of children’s intellectual development is a unique research field of developmental psy-chology. It explains the relationship among intelligence, assimilation and obedience in detail, and emphasizes that intellectual development is, in the final analysis, the transformation of psycho-logical structure, with obvious constructivism. Although Piaget’s theory has been questioned, it still has a strong vitality, especially in the theoretical guidance of education and teaching. Taking Piaget’s Book Educational Science and child psychology as the main line, this paper selects key chapters and focuses on intelligence, thinking, calculation, cognitive development, reflection, self- consciousness and other contents, hoping to get some meaningful enlightenment through analysis, so that it can make up for the defects of current artificial intelligence theory research to a certain extent, and initially puts forward artificial constructivist. The concept of intelligence, which at-tempts to combine the constructivist view of intelligence, cognitive view and the theory of artificial intelligence, is an exploratory study. This paper first summarizes and ponders the relevant contents of Piaget’s education science and children’s psychology, then expounds the scholars’ evaluation of Piaget’s theory, and finally discusses the enlightenment that the theory of artificial intelligence can get from the theory of children’s intelligence development.