启蒙时代的人类学学科渊源初探

The Origin of Anthropology in the Age of Enlightenment

摘要: 启蒙时代酝酿了现代人类学的学科渊源。首先为人类学提供了理性世俗的、重视历史流变的学科思维意识，促进了世界的“去魅”。其次对人类学的一些学科预设与核心概念，例如人的社会性、文化的多样性与同一性、自然与文化关系、历史与现实等做了最初的理论探讨与阐释。最后还提供了理性的、自然的、历史的、比较的、经验的研究方法，并突出了社会文化的分析视角。同时启蒙时代具有人类学意义的“田野实践”给西方带来了非西方的知识，有力推动了启蒙运动的开展，促进了思想的解放。

Abstract: The age of Enlightenment gave birth to the discipline of modern anthropology. In the first place, it provides anthropology with rational and secular discipline thinking consciousness that attaches importance to historical changes and promotes the “demystification” of the world. Secondly, it makes an initial theoretical discussion and interpretation of some discipline presuppositions and core concepts of anthropology, such as human sociality, cultural diversity and identity, relationship between nature and culture, history and reality. Finally, it also provides rational, natural, historical, comparative and empirical research methods, and highlights the analysis perspective of social culture. At the same time, the anthropological “field practice” in the age of Enlightenment brought non-western knowledge to the west, effectively promoted the development of the Enlightenment and the emancipation of the mind.