高海拔区核桃高效施肥技术研究初报

Preliminary Study of Efficient Fertilization Technology on Walnut in High Altitude Area

摘要: 探究不同施肥时期与方法对核桃树体生长发育、营养状况及产量的影响，为高海拔区核桃高产高效施肥技术提供理论依据，以8年生“清香”为研究对象，设1) 萌发期基施、2) 果实膨大期基施、3) 果实硬核期基施、4) 果实缓慢生长期基施、5) 萌发基施 + 果实膨大期追施、6) 萌发基施 + 果实硬核期追施，6个不同时期与方法施肥处理，开展此项试验研究。结果表明：处理6)的单株产量和施肥效益、树体胸径和侧枝直径年增量、叶面积和百叶重为最高，分别为4.2 kg和30,600元/hm2、1.4 cm和1.09 mm、83.0 cm2和35.0 g。一次性基施的时间越迟，其产量和施肥效益越低，而树体胸径年增加量、侧枝直径年增量、叶面积、百叶重均有明显提高，但明显低于二次施肥的各处理，树高变化反之。一次性基施时期的推迟，叶片中氮素含量近倍数提高，二次施肥处理介于中间水平；磷素含量有所降低，二次施肥处理约占1/3；钾素含量各处理变幅不大。结论：在高海拔核桃种植集聚区的盛果期核桃园，每株在萌发期基施(0.36 kg氮 + 0.4 kg磷 + 0.3 kg钾) + 果实硬核期追施(0.24 kg氮)肥料，即能够满足核桃树体不同生长发育阶段的需求，又能提高施肥效率，达到环境友好、高产高效的目的。

Abstract: To provide theoretical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency fertilization technology of walnut in high-altitude areas, the effects on different fertilization periods and methods on the growth, nutritional status and yield of walnut trees are studied by taking 8-year-old “Qingxiang” as the object. This research is carried out with six different periods and methods of fertilization as following: 1) base fertilization at germination, 2) base fertilization in fruit expanding stage, 3) base fertilization of fruit nucleation period, 4) base fertilization in fruit slow growth, 5) germination base fertilization plus supplementary fertilizer of fruit expansion stage, 6) germination base fertilization plus supplementary fertilizer of fruit nucleation period. The results show that, the sample of 6) is the highest in yield of per plant (4.2 kg) and fertilization benefit (30,600 yuan/hm2), the diameter breast-high (1.4 cm) and annual increment of branch diameter (1.09 mm), leaf area (83.0 cm2) and louver weight (35.0 g). The later the time of one-time base fertilization, the lower the yield and fertilization benefit. However, the annual increment of diameter breast-high and branch, leaf area and louver weight are significantly increased. While, these are significantly lower than that of two-time fertilization sample. At the same time, the change of tree height always contrary with above. With the postponement of one-time base fertilization, the nitrogen content in the leaves greatly increases, while the phosphorus content decreases. The two-time fertilization is in the middle level in the ni-trogen content and about 1/3 with the phosphorus content. It also finds that the potassium content hard to change in one-time or two-time base fertilization. Above all, in the high altitude walnut planting area, the germination base fertilization (0.36 kg N + 0.4 kg P + 0.3 kg K) with supplementary fertilizer of fruit nucleation (0.24 kg N) can not only meet the needs of different growth periods of walnut tree, but also improve the fertilization efficiency achieving the goal of environmental friendliness and high yield.