澜湄合作机制下的跨境水资源分配模式研究
Allocation Modes of Trans-Boundary Water Resources under the Cooperation Mechanism in Lancang-Mekong River Basin
DOI: 10.12677/JWRR.2020.93028, PDF,  被引量    国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 孙周亮：南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室，江苏 南京；水利部应对气候变化研究中心，江苏 南京；武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室，湖北 武汉；刘艳丽, 张建云, 关铁生, 金君良, 贺瑞敏, 刘翠善：南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室，江苏 南京；水利部应对气候变化研究中心，江苏 南京；长江保护与绿色发展研究院，江苏 南京；陈 华：武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室，湖北 武汉；刘 冀：三峡大学水利与环境学院，湖北 宜昌；赵志轩：南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室，江苏 南京
关键词: 澜沧江–湄公河；合作机制；适用性；复合分配模式；Lancang-Mekong River； Cooperation Mechanism； Adaptability； Composite Allocation Mode
摘要: 从澜沧江–湄公河局部合作、综合管理、全面合作三个阶段梳理了澜湄流域水资源合作与发展历程，指出了澜湄水资源合作与利用存在的问题与难点。分别分析了国际上主要应用的全局分配、项目分配和流域整体规划分配三种基本分配模式在澜湄流域的适用性，总结了各基本分配模式的局限性，并在此基础上结合澜湄流域实际，提出了适合澜湄流域的复合分配模式。结果表明：1) 当前澜湄合作进展良好，已在合作平台、合作机制等方面建立起了流域合作基础，并在商贸、航运、水安全、环境等领取得了成果，当前亟待解决的水资源问题是同时满足水资源需求和保障水安全两方面；2) 三种基本分配模式均无法单独在澜湄流域应用，各自存在不同的局限性；3) 所提出的复合分配模式比单一分配模式更具有灵活性、安全性和前瞻性，对接流域实际程度较高，能够实现水资源需求均衡满足和保障水安全，并提高水资源利用效率。未来需在流域合作、水资源分配方法、水利益共享与补偿机制研究等方面加强研究，以保障复合分配模式的平稳运行，从而推动整个澜湄流域的水资源高效分配和水利益共享。
Abstract: This study reviewed the water resources cooperation and development history in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin (LMRB) from three stages of local cooperation, integrated management and comprehensive cooperation in LMRB. The current problems and difficulties in the joint development and utilization of water resources in LMRB were pointed out. By analyzing the adaptability of the three basic allocation modes applied in LMRB, the limitations of each basic allocation mode were explored and summarized. A composite allocation mode which is suitable for the actual conditions of LMRB was proposed. The results show that: 1) The current cooperation has been progressing well and the foundation for basin cooperation has been established in cooperation platforms, mechanisms, etc., with achievements in trade and commerce, shipping, water security, and environment. The critical problem needed to be resolved cur-rently is to satisfy the demands of water resources and to ensure water security. 2) The three basic allo-cation modes cannot be applied in the LMRB separately, since each has its own different limitations. 3) The proposed composite allocation mode is more flexible, safe and forward-looking, highly harmonious with actuality of LMRB, which could uniformly meet the demands for water resources and ensure water security and improve the efficiency of water resources utilization. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen research in areas such as basin cooperation, environmental change impacts, water benefits allocation and compensation, and allocation fairness evaluation to ensure the smooth operation of the composite allocation mode. Thus, it could facilitate to improve the allocation efficiency of water resources and maximize the water benefits in the whole basin.
文章引用：孙周亮, 刘艳丽, 张建云, 陈华, 刘冀, 关铁生, 金君良, 贺瑞敏, 刘翠善, 赵志轩. 澜湄合作机制下的跨境水资源分配模式研究[J]. 水资源研究, 2020, 9(3): 270-278. https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2020.93028

参考文献

[1] 何艳梅. 国际河流水资源公平和合理利用的模式与新发展: 实证分析､比较与借鉴[J]. 资源科学, 2012, 34(2): 229-241. HE Yanmei. Modes and its development of the equitable and reasonable use of international river water resources. Resources Science, 2012, 34(2): 229-241. (in Chinese)
[2] DINAR, S. Water, security, conflict, and cooperation. Sais Review, 2002, 22(2): 229-253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[3] 刘卿. 澜湄合作进展与未来发展方向[J]. 国际问题研究, 2018(2): 43-54+132. LIU Qing. Progress and future development of Lancang-Mekong cooperation. International Studies, 2018(2): 43-54+132. (in Chinese)
[4] 卢光盛, 罗会琳. 从培育期进入成长期的澜湄合作: 新意､难点和方向[J]. 边界与海洋研究, 2018, 3(2): 18-28. LU Guangsheng, LUO Huilin. Lancang-Mekong cooperation from cultivating period to growth period: New points, difficulties and direction. Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies, 2018, 3(2): 18-28. (in Chinese)
[5] 邢伟. 水资源治理与澜湄命运共同体建设[J]. 太平洋学报, 2016, 24(6): 43-53. XING Wei. Water resources governance and building the Lancang-Mekong community of common destiny. Pacific Journal, 2016, 24(6): 43-53. (in Chinese)
[6] 周士新. 澜沧江——湄公河合作机制: 动力､特点和前景分析[J]. 东南亚纵横, 2018(1): 70-76. ZHOU Shixin. A strategic vision of the Lancang-Mekong cooperation mechanism. Around Southeast Asia, 2018(1): 70-76. (in Chinese)
[7] 戴永红, 曾凯. 澜湄合作机制的现状评析: 成效､问题与对策[J]. 国际论坛, 2017, 19(4): 1-6+79. DAI Yonghong, ZENG Kai. Assessment of the Lancang-Mekong cooperation mechanism: Achievements, problems and counter. International Forum, 2017, 19(4): 1-6+79. (in Chinese)
[8] HE, D., CHEN, X., JI, X., et al. International rivers and transboundary environment and resources. The geographical sciences during 1986-2015. Singapore: Springer, 2017.
[9] RINGLER, C. Optimal water allocation in the mekong river basin. ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy, No. 38, 2001.
[10] 何大明, 冯彦, 陈丽晖, 等. 跨境水资源的分配模式､原则和指标体系研究[J]. 水科学进展, 2005(2): 255-262. HE Daming, FENG Yan, CHEN Lihui, et al. Study on models, principles and index system on trans-boundary water resources allocation. Advances in Water Science, 2005(2): 255-262. (in Chinese)
[11] 何大明, 刘恒, 冯彦, 等. 全球变化下跨境水资源理论与方法研究展望[J]. 水科学进展, 2016, 27(6): 928-934. HE Daming, LIU Heng, FENG Yan, et al. Perspective on theories and methods study of transboundary water resources under the global change. Advances in Water Science, 2016, 27(6): 928-934. (in Chinese)
[12] YUAN, L., HE, W., DEGEFU, D. M., et al. Water allocation model in the Lancing-Mekong river basin based on bankruptcy theory and bargaining game. World En-vironmental and Water Resources Congress, Oxford University Press, New York, 628-642.[CrossRef] 
[13] 冯彦, 何大明, 甘淑, 等. 跨境水分配及其生态阈值与国际法的关联[J]. 科学通报, 2006(S2): 21-26. FENG Yan, HE Daming, GAN Shu, et al. Linkages of transboundary water allocation and its eco-thresholds with international laws. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(S2): 21-26. (in Chinese)
[14] 何大明, 苟俊华. 全球变化对跨境淡水资源利用和管理的影响[J]. 自然资源学报, 1999, 14(3): 284. HE Daming, GOU Junhua. Impacts of global changes upon utilization and management of transregional fresh water resources. Journal of Natural Resources, 1999, 14(3): 284. (in Chinese)
[15] 冯彦, 何大明, 杨丽萍. 河流健康评价的主评指标筛选[J]. 地理研究, 2012, 31(3): 389-398. FENG Yan, HE Daming, and YANG Liping. Selection of major evaluation indicators on river health evaluation. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(3): 389-398. (in Chinese)
[16] 李春晖, 孙炼, 张楠, 等. 水权交易对生态环境影响研究进展[J]. 水科学进展, 2016, 27(2): 307-316. LI Chunhui, SUN Lian, ZHANG Nan, et al. Advances in ecological environment impacts of water trading. Advances in Water Science, 2016, 27(2): 307-316. (in Chinese)
[17] FENG, Y., HE, D. M. and LI, Y. G. The key indicators of transboundary wa-ter apportionment based on international laws and cases. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2013, 23(4): 710-720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[18] ANDREA, H. Regional environmental security: Cooperation and chal-lenges in the Mekong subregion. Global Change Peace & Security, 2013, 25(1): 27-41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[19] KUCUKMEHMETOGLU, M., GULDMANN, J. M. Multiobjective allocation of transboundary water resources: Case of the euphrates and tigris. Journal of Water Resources Planning & Management, 2010, 136(1): 95-105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[20] KAMPRAGOU, E., ELEFTHERIADOU, E., and MYLOPOULOS, Y. Implementing equitable water allocation in transboundary catchments: The case of river nestos/mesta. Water Resources Management, 2007, 21(5): 909-918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] JUÍZO, D., LIDÉN, R. Modeling for transboundary water resources planning and allocation: The case of Southern Africa. Hydrology & Earth System Sciences, 2010, 14(11): 2343-2354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[22] YUAN, L., HE, W., LIAO, Z., et al. Allocating water in the mekong river basin during the dry season. Water, 2019, 11(2): 400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[23] BARANYAI, G. Transboundary water governance in the European Union. In European water law and hydropolitics. Berlin: Springer, 2020: 79-112.[CrossRef] 
[24] 雷建锋. 大湄公河合作开发与综合治理——兼论国际水法理论的发展[J]. 太平洋学报, 2014, 22(8): 53-64. LEI Jianfeng. The cooperative exploitation and synthetical governance of the Greater Mekong River and the development of the theory of international watercourses law. Pacific Journal, 2014, 22(8): 53-64. (in Chinese)
[25] 何大明, 冯彦. 国际河流跨境水资源合理利用与协调管理[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2006. HE Daming, FENG Yan. Case study of the rational development and coordinated management of water resources in the inter-national rivers: Lancang-Mekong watershed. Beijing: Science Press, 2006. (in Chinese)
[26] 水利部国际经济技术合作中心. 跨界水合作与发展[M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2018. International Economic and Technical Cooperation Center of the Ministry of Water Resources. Transboundary water coopera-tion and development. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2018. (in Chinese)
[27] HOUBA, H., DO, K. H. P., and ZHU, X. Saving a river: A joint management approach to the Mekong River Basin. Environment & Development Economics, 2013, 18(1): 93-109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[28] 陈丽晖, 何大明. 澜沧江-湄公河整体水分配[J]. 经济地理, 2001(1): 28-32. CHEN Lihui, HE Daming. Integrated allocation of the water in Lancang-Mekong River. Economic Geography, 2001(1): 28-32. (in Chinese)
[29] 孙周亮, 刘艳丽, 刘冀, 等. 澜沧江-湄公河流域水资源利用现状与需求分析[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2018, 29(4): 67-73. SUN Zhouliang, LIU Yanli, LIU Ji, et al. Analysis on the present situation and demand of water utilization in the Lan-cang-Mekong River Basin. Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering, 2018, 29(4): 67-73. (in Chinese)
[30] 何大明, Hsiang-te Kung, 苟俊华. 国际河流水资源分配模式研究[J]. 地理学报, 1999, 66(S1): 47-54. HE Daming, KUNG Hsiang-te and GOU Junhua. Study on allocation models of water resources in international rivers. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1999, 54(S1): 47-54. (in Chinese)
[31] WOLF, A. T. Criteria for equitable allocations: The heart of inter-national water conflict. Natural Resources Forum, 1999, 23(1): 3-30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[32] KUCUKMEHMETOGLU, M., GULDMANN, J. M. Multiob-jective allocation of transboundary water resources: Case of the Euphrates and Tigris. Journal of Water Resources Planning & Management, 2010, 136(1): 95-105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[33] 赵萍, 汤洁, 尹笋. 湄公河流域水资源开发利用现状[J]. 水利经济, 2017, 35(4): 55-58+77-78. ZHAO Ping, TANG Jie, and YIN Sun. Situations of development and utilization of water resources in Mekong River Basin. Journal of Economics of Water Resources, 2017, 35(4): 55-58+77-78. (in Chinese)
[34] FENG, Y., HE, D., and BAO, H. Analysis on equitable and reasonable allocation models of water resources in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. Water Interna-tional, 2004, 29(1): 114-118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[35] GU, S., HE, D., CUI, Y., et al. Temporal and spatial changes of agricultural water requirements in the Lancang River Basin. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2012, 22(3): 441-450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[36] WORLD BANK GROUP. High and dry: Climate change, water and the economy. Working Papers, 2016.