|
[1]
|
Mak, C.Y., Yam, J.C.S., Chen, L.J., Lee, S.M. and Young, A.L. (2018) Epidemiology of Myopia and Prevention of Myopia Progression in Children in East Asia: A Review. Hong Kong Medical Journal, 24, 602-609.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[2]
|
Holden, B.A., Fricke, T.R., Wilson, D.A., Jong, M., Naldoo, K.S., Sankaridurg, P., et al. (2016) Globalprevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology, 123, 1036-1042.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[3]
|
Wang, S.M., Wang, Y., Gao, X.M., Qian, N.N. and Zhuo, Y.E. (2015) Choroidal Thickness and High Myopia: A Cross-Sectional Study and Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmology, 15, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[4]
|
Read, S.A., et al. (2019) Choroidal Changes in Human Myopia: Insights from Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 102, 270-285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[5]
|
Nickla, D.L. and Wallman, J. (2010) The Multifunctional Choroid. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 29, 144-168.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[6]
|
Flores-Moreno, I., Lugo, F., Duker, J.S., et al. (2013) The Relationship between Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness in Eyes with High Myopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 155, 314-319.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[7]
|
Vagge, A., Desideri, L.F., Nucci, P., Serafino, M., Giannaccare, G. and Traverso, C.E. (2018) Prevention of Progression in Myopia: A Systematic Review. Diseases, 6, E92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[8]
|
Wildsoet, C.F., Chia, A., Cho, P., Guggenheim, J.A., Polling, J.R., Read, S., et al. (2019) IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression Report. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 60, 106-131.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[9]
|
Chia, A., Lu, Q.S. and Tan, D. (2016) Five-Year Clinical Trial on Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia2: Myopia Control with Atropine 0.01% Eyedrops. Ophthalmology, 123, 391-399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[10]
|
Nickla, D.L., Zhu, X. and Wallman, J. (2013) Effects of Muscarinic Agents on Chick Choroids in Intact Eyes and Eyecups: Evidence for a Muscarinic Mechanism in Choroidal Thinning. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 33, 245-256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[11]
|
Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Xie, Z., et al. (2016) The Effect of Topical Atropineon the Choroidal Thickness of Healthy Children. Scientific Reports, 6, Article No. 34936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[12]
|
Sander, B.P., Collins, M.J. and Read, S.A. (2019) Short-Term Effect of Low-Dose Atropine and Hyperopic Defocus on Choroidal Thickness and Axial Length in Young Myopic Adults. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2019, Article ID: 4782536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[13]
|
Sander, B.P., Collins, M.J. and Read, S.A. (2014) The Effect of Topical Adrenergic and Anticholinergic Agents on the Choroidal Thickness of Young Healthy Adults. Experimental Eye Research, 128, 181-189.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[14]
|
Öner, V., Bulut, A. and Öter, K. (2016) The Effect of Topical Anti-Muscarinic Agents on Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Healthy Adults. Eye, 30, 925-928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[15]
|
Sander, B.P., Collins, M.J. and Read, S.A. (2018) The Interaction between Homatropine and Optical Blur on Choroidal Thickness. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 38, 257-265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[16]
|
Kara, N., Demircan, A., Karatas, G., Ozgurhan, E.B., Tatar, G., et al. (2014) Effects of Two Commonly Used Mydriatics on Choroidal Thickness: Direct and Crossover Effects. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 30, 366-370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[17]
|
Usui, S., Ikuno, Y., Akiba, M., et al. (2012) Circadian Changes in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and the Relationship with Circulatory Factors in Healthy Subjects. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 53, 2300-2307.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[18]
|
Nickla, D.L., Jordan, K., Yang, J. and Singh, P. (2019) Effects of Time-of-Day on Inhibition of Lens-Induced Myopia by Quinpirole, Pirenzepine and Atropine in Chicks. Experimental Eye Research, 181, 5-14.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[19]
|
Woodman, E.C., Read, S.A. and Collins, M.J. (2012) Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness Changes Accompanying Prolonged Accommodation in Myopes and Emmetropes. Vision Research, 72, 34-41.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[20]
|
Woodman-Pieterse, E.C., Read, S.A., Collins, M.J. and Alonso-Caneiro, D. (2015) Regional Changes in Choroidal Thickness Associated with Accommodation. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56, 6414-6422.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[21]
|
Ayajiki, K., Tanaka, T., Okamura, T. and Toda, N. (2000) Evidence for Nitroxidergic Innervation in Monkey Ophthalmic Arteries in Vivo and in Vitro. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 279, H2006-H2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[22]
|
Carr, B.J. and Stell, W.K. (2016) Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks. Scientific Reports, 6, Article No. 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[23]
|
Tekmen-Clark, M. and Gleason, E. (2013) Nitric Oxide Production and the Expression of Two Nitric Oxide Synthases in the Avian Retina. Visual Neuroscience, 30, 91-103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[24]
|
Nickla, D.L., Lee, L. and Totonelly, K. (2013) Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors Prevent the Growth-Inhibiting Effects of Quinpirole. Optometry and Vision Science, 90, 1167-1175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[25]
|
Nickla, D.L., Totonelly, K. and Dhillon, B. (2010) Dopaminergic Agonists That Result in Ocular Growth Inhibition Also Elicit Transient Increases in Choroidal Thickness in Chicks. Experimental Eye Research, 91, 715-720.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[26]
|
Schwahn, H.N., Kaymak, H. and Schaeffel, F. (2000) Effects of Atropine on Refractive Development, Dopamine Release, and Slow Retinal Potentials in the Chick. Visual Neuroscience, 17, 165-176.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[27]
|
May, C.A. (2005) Non-Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in the Human Choroid: Distribution, Development and Further Characterization. Journal of Anatomy, 207, 381-390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[28]
|
Meriney, S. and Pilar, G. (1987) Cholinergic Innervation of the Smooth Muscle Cells in the Choroid Coat of the Chick Eye and Its Development. Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 3827-3839.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[29]
|
Nickla, D.L. and Schroedl, F. (2019) Effects of Autonomic Denervations on the Rhythms in Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness in Chicks. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 205, 139-149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[30]
|
Mutti, D.O., Sholtz, R.I., Friedman, N.E. and Zadnik, K. (2000) Prepheral Refraction and Ocular Shape in Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 41, 1022-1030.
|
|
[31]
|
Smith, E.L., Hung, L.F. and Huang, J. (2009) Relative Peripheral Hyperopic Defocus Alters Central Refractive Development in Infant Monkeys. Vision Research, 49, 2386-2392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[32]
|
Chiang, S.T.-H., Phillips, J.R. and Backhouse, S. (2015) Effect of Retinal Image Defocus on the Thickness of the Human Choroid. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 35, 405-413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[33]
|
Chakraborty, R., et al. (2012) Monocular Myopic Defocus and Daily Changes in Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness of Human Eyes. Experimental Eye Research, 103, 47-54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[34]
|
Chakraborty, R., Read, S.A. and Collins, M.J. (2013) Hyperopic Defocus and Diurnal Changes in Human Choroid and Axial Length. Optometry and Vision Science, 90, 1187-1198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[35]
|
Huang, J., Wen, D., Wang, Q., Mcalinden, C., Flitcroft, I., Chen, H., et al. (2016) Efficacy Comparison of 16 Interventions for Myopia Control in Children: A Network Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmology, 123, 697-708.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[36]
|
Charman, W.N., Mountford, J., Atchison, D.A. and Markwell, E.L. (2006) Peripheral Refraction in Orthokeratology Patients. Optometry and Vision Science, 83, 641-648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[37]
|
Jin, W.Q., Huang, S.H., Jiang, J., Mao, X.J., Shen, M.X. and Lian, Y. (2018) Short Term Effect of Choroid Thickness in the Horizontal Meridian Detected by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Myopic Children after Orthokeratology. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 11, 991-996.
|
|
[38]
|
Lau, J.K., Wan, K., Cheung, S.-W., Vincent, S.J. and Cho, P. (2019) Weekly Changes in Axial Length and Choroidal Thickness in Children during and Following Orthokeratology Treatment with Different Compression Factors. Translational Vision Science and Technology, 8, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[39]
|
Li, Z., Hu, Y., Cui, D., Long, W., He, M. and Yang, X. (2019) Change in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness Secondary to Orthokeratology and Its Cessation: A Predictor for the Change in Axial Length. Acta Ophthalmologica, 97, 454-459.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[40]
|
Li, Z., Cui, D., Hu, Y., Ao, S., Zeng, J. and Yang, X. (2017) Choroidal Thickness and Axial Length Changes in Myopic Children Treated with Orthokeratology. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye, 40, 417-423.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[41]
|
Chen, Z., Xue, F., Zhou, J., Qu, X. and Zhou, X. (2016) Effects of Orthokeratology on Choroidal Thickness and Axial Length. Optometry and Vision Science, 93, 1064-1071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[42]
|
Gardner, D.J., Walline, J.J. and Mutti, D.O. (2015) Choroidal Thickness and Peripheral Myopic Defocus during Orthokeratology. Optometry and Vision Science, 92, 579-588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[43]
|
Breher, K., Garcıa, M., Ohlendorf, A. and Wahl, S. (2018) The Effect of the Optical Design of Multifocal Contact Lenses on Choroidal Thickness. PLoS ONE, 13, e0207637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[44]
|
Nikla, D.L. and Wildsoet, C.F. (2004) The Effect of the Nonspecific Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor NG-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester on the Choroidal Compensatory Response to Myopic Defocus in Chickens. Optometry and Vision Science, 81, 111-118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[45]
|
Haddad, A., Laicine, E.M., Tripathi, B.J. and Tripathi, R.C. (2001) An Extensive System of Extravascular Smooth Muscle Cells Exists in the Choroid of the Rabbit Eye. Experimental Eye Research, 73, 345-353.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[46]
|
McFadden, S.A., et al. (2004) Retinoic Acid Signals the Direction of Ocular Elongationin the Guinea Pig Eye. Vision Research, 44, 643-653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[47]
|
Nickla, D.L., Wildsoet, C. and Wallman, J. (1997) Compensation for Spectacle Lenses Involves Changes in Proteoglycan Synthesis in Both the Sclera and Choroid. Current Eye Research, 16, 320-326.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[48]
|
Xiong, S.Y., Sankaridurg, P., Naduvilath, T., et al. (2017) Time Spent in Outdoor Activities in Relation to Myopia Prevention and Control: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Acta Ophthalmologica, 95, 551-566.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[49]
|
Lingham, G., Mackey, D.A., Lucas, R., et al. (2019) How Does Spending Time Outdoors Protect against Myopia? A Review. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 1-7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[50]
|
Lan, W.Z., Feldkaemper, M. and Schaeffel, F. (2013) Bright Light Induces Choroidal Thickening in Chickens. Optometry and Vision Science, 90, 1199-1206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
|
[51]
|
Nickla, D.L. (2007) Transient Increases in Choroidal Thickness Are Consistently Associated with Brief Daily Visual Stimuli That Inhibit Ocular Growth in Chicks. Experimental Eye Research, 84, 951-959.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[52]
|
Hung, L.-F., Arumugam, B., She, Z.H., Ostrin, L. and Smith III, E.L. (2018) Narrow-Band, Long-Wavelength Lighting Promotes Hyperopia and Retards Vision-Induced Myopia in Infant Rhesus Monkeys. Experimental Eye Research, 176, 147-160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[53]
|
Read, S.A., Pieterse, E.C., Alonso-Caneiro, D., Bormann, R., Hong, S., Lo, C.-H., Richer, R., Syed, A. and Tran, L. (2018) Daily Morning Light Therapy Is Associated with an Increase in Choroidal Thickness in Healthy Young Adults. Scientific Reports, 8, Article No. 8200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[54]
|
Ahn, J., Ahn, S.-E., Yang, K.-S., Kim, S.-W. and Oh, J. (2017) Effects of a High Level of Illumination before Sleep at Night on Chorioretinal Thickness and Ocular Biometry. Experimental Eye Research, 164, 157-167.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[55]
|
Nickla, D.L. and Totonelly, K. (2016) Brief Light Exposure at Night Disrupts the Circadian Rhythms in Eye Growth and Choroidal Thickness in Chicks. Experimental Eye Research, 146, 189-195.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[56]
|
Huemer, K.-H., Garhofer, G., Aggermann, T., Kolodjaschna, J., Schmetterer, L. and Fuchsjager-Mayrl, G. (2007) Role of Nitric Oxide in Choroidal Blood Flow Regulation during Light/Dark Transitions. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48, 4215-4219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[57]
|
Longo, A., Geiser, M. and Riva, C.E. (2000) Subfoveal Choroidal Blood Flow in Response to Light-Dark Exposure. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 41, 2678-2683.
|
|
[58]
|
Sekaran, S., Cunningham, J., Neal, M.J., Hartell, N.A. and Djamgoz, M.B.A. (2005) Nitric Oxide Release Is Induced by Dopamine during Illumination of the Carp Retina: Serial Neurochemical Control of Light Adaptation. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 2199-2208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[59]
|
Berkowitz, B.A., Schmidt, T., Podolsky, R.H. and Roberts, R. (2016) Melanopsin Phototransduction Contributes to Light-Evoked Choroidal Expansion and Rod L-Type Calcium Channel Function in Vivo. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 57, 5314-5319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[60]
|
Li, M., Cheng, H., Yuan, Y., Wang, J., Chen, Q., Me, R. and Ke, B. (2016) Change in Choroidal Thickness and the Relationship with Accommodation Following Myopic Excimer Laser Surgery. Eye, 30, 972-978.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|
|
[61]
|
He, F.L., Yang, J., Jia, R.B. and Zhang, J. (2019) Evaluation of Changes in Choroidal Thickness after Surgical Implantation of Collamer Lens in Patients with Different Degrees of High Myopia. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 18, 2599-2607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
|