浅析我国意定监护制度实施中存在的法律问题

A Brief Analysis of the Legal Problems Existing in the Implementation of the Customized Guardianship System in China

摘要: 所谓意定监护制度，是指成年人意思能力健全时可以预先选定监护人并与之缔结委托监护合同，由当事人自我决定合同的内容，监护人代理被监护人实施民事法律行为，保护被监护人的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益等，并且由公力机关予以监督的制度。我国2017年出台的《民法总则》第33条首次明确规定了成年人意定监护制度，但由于缺乏相关的配套方法，意定监护制度存在以下问题：缺少具体实施方法和细则；未明确登记、公证程序，缺乏程序上的保障；缺乏对被监护人意思的充分尊重；保护与支援措施单一；缺乏专门的监护监督机制。解决这些问题可以通过以下措施予以完善：完善具体细则实施方案，明确意定监护合同的登记和公证，加强程序保障和公权力干预；尊重被监护人尚存意志；保护和支援措施多元化；明确监护监督人的选任和职责；构建有效的监护监督机制。

Abstract: The so-called intentionality guardianship system means that the adult can select the guardianship in advance and conclude the entrustment guardianship contract with it when his/her intentionality ability is sound. The parties decide the content of the contract on their own, and the guardian ACTS on behalf of his ward to protect his rights of person and property and other legal rights and interests under the supervision of public authorities. Article 33 of the general provisions of civil law issued in China in 2017 clearly stipulated the adult intentional guardianship system for the first time. However, due to the lack of relevant supporting methods, the intentional guardianship system has the following problems: the lack of specific implementation methods and detailed rules; not clear registration, notarization procedures, lack of procedural protection; lack of full respect for the will of the ward; single protection and support measures; lack of special monitoring and supervision mechanism. The solution to these problems can be improved by the following measures: perfecting the implementation plan of specific rules, clarifying the registration and notarization of guardianship contract, strengthening the procedural guarantee and public power intervention; respecting the will of his ward; diversification of protection and support measures; making clear the appointment and duties of the guardian supervisor; constructing an effective supervision mechanism.