有机污染土壤的微生物修复技术研究进展

Progress in the Study of Microbial Remediation of Organic Contaminated Soil

摘要: 随着人口的增长及经济的快速发展，工业“三废”的排放不断增加，土壤有机污染不断加剧，对人体的健康和生态环境的安全构成了极大的威胁。目前针对典型的有机污染物，主要采用具有费用低、无二次污染、易操作等优点的生物修复法，包括堆肥、生物反应器等，且这些修复技术的主体均是微生物，由于微生物对环境具有较强的适应性、变异性，在生存过程中分化出多种多样的代谢类型，并能较强地适应生存环境。目前随着遗传、基因组、蛋白质组学和代谢组学技术的研究发展，大大丰富了关于生理学、生态学、生物化学和微生物代谢途径调控机制各个方面的知识。所以未来我们可以通过实验研究优势降解菌的降解能力及对污染物的适应机理，通过宏基因测序研究土壤微生物群落构成以及群落功能和代谢通路，提高菌种对石油烃、多环芳烃和卤代烃的降解效率。为自然环境条件下复合有机污染物的降解提供数据支持与理论依据。

Abstract: With the growth of population and the rapid development of economy, the discharge of “three wastes” from industry is increasing, and the organic pollution of soil is intensifying, which poses a great threat to the health of human body and the safety of ecological environment. Now for typical organic pollutants, the main use of low cost, no secondary pollution and easy operation of bioremediation method, including composting, bioreactors, etc., and the main body of the repair technology are microbes, due to the microorganism that has stronger adaptability to the environment, variability, in the process of survival differentiate into a variety of metabolic type, and can better adapt to the environment. At present, with the development of genetics, genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, the knowledge of physiology, ecology, biochemistry and the regulation mechanism of microbial metabolic pathways has been greatly enriched. Therefore, in the future, we can study the degradation capacity of dominant degrading bacteria and their adaptation mechanism to pollutants through experiments, and study the composition of soil microbial community, community function and metabolic pathways through macro gene sequencing, so as to improve the degradation efficiency of bacteria on petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons. It provides data support and theoretical basis for the degradation of complex organic pollutants under natural environment conditions.