病毒的性传播及防控原则研究进展
Research Progress on Sexual Transmission of Viruses and Precautionary Principles
DOI: 10.12677/AMB.2020.93015, PDF,    国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 钱忠瑶, 魏大巧*, 黄 芬*:昆明理工大学,医学院,云南 昆明;禹文海:中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所,云南 昆明
关键词: 病毒;性传播;防控原则;Virus; Sexual Transmission; Precautionary Principle
摘要: 病毒的性传播趋势日益严峻,严重危害人类身心健康。病毒可通过异性或同性之间的阴道性交、肛交和口交等方式进行传播,精液、阴道分泌物为性传播病毒的重要媒介。不同人群、不同性行为之间传播效率存在差异,且男男性行为者(MSM)为性传播病毒的易感人群。预防病毒的性传播,接种疫苗、使用避孕套、进行包皮环切手术方式是有效措施,暴露前预防(PrEP),暴露后预防(PEP)、抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)等也被证明可有效防控病毒的性传播。目前关于病毒的性传播途径及防控原则缺乏系统的论述,本文就病毒的性传播途径和有效防控原则进行归纳总结。
Abstract: The trend of sexual transmission of viruses is increasingly serious, virus infection harms to human physical and mental health. Viruses can be transmitted by heterosexual or homosexual sexual contact, such as vaginal sex, anal sex and oral sex, semen and vaginal secretions are important carriers of sexually transmitted viruses. The transmission efficiency varies among different populations and sexual behaviors, and men who have sex with men (MSM) are susceptible people. Vaccination, condom use and circumcision are effective measures to prevent sexual transmission of the virus. It was shown that Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) were effective in preventing sexual transmission of the virus. At present, there is no systematic discussion on sexual transmission of virus and the precautionary principles. This paper summarizes the sexual transmission of virus and the precautionary principles.
文章引用:钱忠瑶, 禹文海, 魏大巧, 黄芬. 病毒的性传播及防控原则研究进展[J]. 微生物前沿, 2020, 9(3): 95-102. https://doi.org/10.12677/AMB.2020.93015

参考文献

[1] WHO. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) [EB/OL].
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis), 2020-03-02.
[2] Li, G., Jiang, Y. and Zhang, L. (2019) HIV Upsurge in China’s Students. Science, 364, 711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Patel, P., Borkowf, C.B., Brooks, J.T., Lasry, A., Lansky, A. and Mermin, J. (2014) Estimating Per-Act HIV Transmission Risk: A Systematic Review. AIDS, 28, 1509-1519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[4] 中国疾病预防控制中心, 性病艾滋病预防控制中心性病控制中心. 2018年4月全国艾滋病性病疫情[J]. 中国艾滋病性病, 2018, 24(6): 535.
[5] Quinn, T.C., Wawer, M.J., Sewankambo, N., et al. (2000) Viral Load and Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.The New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 921-929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[6] Lingappa, J.R., Hughes, J.P., Wang, R.S., et al. (2010) Estimating the Impact of Plasma HIV-1 RNA Reductions on Heterosexual HIV-1 Transmission Risk. PLoS ONE, 5, e12598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Baeten, J.M., Kahle, E., Lingappa, J.R., et al. (2011) Genital HIV-1 RNA Predicts Risk of Heterosexual HIV-1 Transmission. Science Translational Medicine, 3, 77ra29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Mugo, N.R., Heffron, R., Donnell, D., et al. (2011) Increased Risk of HIV-1 Transmission in Pregnancy: A Prospective Study among African HIV-1-Serodiscordant Couples. AIDS, 25, 1887-1895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[9] Butler, A.R., Smith, J.A., Polis, C.B., Gregson, S., Stanton, D. and Hallett, T.B. (2013) Modelling the Global Competing Risks of a Potential Interaction between Injectable Hormonal Contraception and HIV Risk. AIDS, 27, 105-113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[10] Weller, S. and Davis, K. (2002) Condom Effectiveness in Reducing Heterosexual HIV Transmission. Cochrane Systematic Review, 1, CD003255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[11] Smith, D.K., Herbst, J.H., Zhang, X.J. and Rose, C.E. (2015) Condom Effectiveness for HIV Prevention by Consistency of Use among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 68, 337-344.
[12] Gray, R.H., Kigozi, G., Serwadda, D., et al. (2007) Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Men in Rakai, Uganda: A Randomised Trial. The Lancet, 369, 657-666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[13] Donnell, D., Baeten, J.M., Bumpus, N.N., et al. (2014) HIV Protective Efficacy and Correlates of Tenofovir Blood Concentrations in a Clinical Trial of Prep for HIV Prevention. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 66, 340-348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[14] Grant, R.M., Lama, J.R., Anderson, P.L., et al. (2010) Preexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 2587-2599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[15] Cohen, M.S., Chen, Y.Q., Mccauley, M., et al. (2011) Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with Early Antiretroviral Therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 493-505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[16] Rodger, A.J., Cambiano, V., Bruun, T., et al. (2019) Risk of HIV Transmission Through Condomless Sex in Serodifferent Gay Couples with the HIV-Positive Partner Taking Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy (Partner): Final Results of a Multicentre, Prospective, Observational Study. The Lancet, 393, 2428-2438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[17] De Martel, C., Plummer, M., Vignat, J. and Franceschi, S. (2017) Worldwide Burden of Cancer Attributable To HPV by Site, Country and HPV Type. International Journal of Cancer, 141, 664-670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Combes, J.D., Heard, I., Poizot-Martin, I., et al. (2018) Prevalence and Risk Factors for Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 271, 1535-1543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Chow, L.Q.M. (2020) Head and Neck Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 60-72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[20] Moreno, V., Bosch, F.X., Muoz, N., et al. (2002) Effect of Oral Contraceptives on Risk of Cervical Cancer in Women with Human Papillomavirus Infection: The Iarc Multicentric Case-Control Study. The Lancet, 359, 1085-1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] Tim, P., Lynn, W., Pollock, K.G., Cuschieri, K., Roberson, C., Kavanagh, K. and Cruickshank, M. (2019) Prevalence of Cervical Disease at Age 20 after Immunisation with Bivalent HPV Vaccine at Age 12-13 in Scotland: Retrospective Population Study. BMJ, 365, L1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] 魏丽惠, 谢幸, 刘继红, 等. 四价人乳头瘤病毒疫苗预防中国大陆女性HPV持续感染及下生殖道相关疾病的保护效力: 一项随访78个月的随机对照研究[J].中国妇产科临床杂志, 2020, 21(2): 158-162.
[23] Winer, R.L., Hughes, J.P., Feng, Q., et al. (2006) Condom Use and the Risk of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 2645-2654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[24] Campbell, C.M., Lin, H., Fulp, W., et al. (2013) Consistent Condom Use Reduces the Genital Human Papillomavirus Burden among High-Risk Men: the HPV Infection in Men Study. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26, 373-384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Tobian, A.A.R., Serwadda, D., Quinn, T.C., et al. (2009) Male Circumcision for the Prevention of HSV-2 and HPV Infections and Syphilis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 1298-1309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[26] Khadr, L., Harfouche, M., Omori, R., Schwarzer, G., Chemaitelly, H. and Abu-Raddad, L.J. (2019) The Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Asia: Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Regressions. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 68, 757-772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Ryder, N., Jin, F., Mcnulty, A.M., Grulich, A.E. and Donovan, B. (2009) Increasing Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in First-Episode Anogenital Herpes in Heterosexual Women and Younger Men Who Have Sex with Men, 1992-2006. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 85, 416-419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Bernstein, D.I., Bellamy, A.R., Hook, E.W., et al. (2013) Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, and Antibody Response to Primary Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in Young Women. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56, 344-351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Looker, K., Elmes, J.A.R., Gottlieb, S.L, Schiffer, J.T., Vickerman, P., Turner, K.M.E. and Boily, M.-C. (2017) Effect of HSV-2 Infection on Subsequent HIV Acquisition: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 17, 1303-1316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[30] Magaret, A.S., Mujugira, A., Hughes James, P., et al. (2016) Effect of Condom Use on Per-Act HSV-2 Transmission Risk in HIV-1, HSV-2-Discordant Couples. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 62, 456-461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Oh, J.E., Iijima, N., Song, E., Lu, P.W., Klein, J., Jiang, R.Y., Kleinstein, S.H. and Iwasaki, A. (2019) Migrant Memory B Cells Secrete Luminal Antibody in the Vagina. Nature, 571, 122-126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Moreira, J., Peixoto, T.M., Siqueira, A.M. and Lamas, C.C. (2017) Sexually Acquired Zika Virus: A Systematic Review. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23, 296-305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Mansuy, J.M., Dutertre, M., Mengelle, C., Fourcade, C., Marchou, B., Delobel, P., Izopet, J. and Martin-Blondel, G. (2016) Zika Virus: High Infectious Viral Load in Semen, A New Sexually Transmitted Pathogen? The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16, 405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[34] Paz-Bailey, G., Rosenberg, E.S., Doyle, K., et al. (2018) Persistence of Zika Virus in Body Fluids—Final Report. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 1234-1243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[35] Robinson, C.L., Chong, A.C.N., Ashbrook, A.W., et al. (2018) Male Germ Cells Support Long-Term Propagation of Zika Virus. Nature Communications, 9, Article No. 2090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Lazear, H.M., Govero, J., Smith, A.M., Platt, D.J., Fernandez, E., Miner, J.J. and Diamond, M.S. (2016) A Mouse Model of Zika Virus Pathogenesis. Cell Host & Microbe, 19, 720-730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] 中华医学会热带病与寄生虫学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 寨卡病毒病防治中国专家共识(2019年版) [J]. 中华传染病杂志, 2019, 37(2): 65-71.
[38] Werber, D., Michaelis, K., Hausner, M., Sissolak, D., Wenzel, J., Bitzegeio, J., Belting, A., Sagebiel, D. and Faber, M. (2017) Ongoing Outbreaks of Hepatitis A among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM), Berlin, November 2016 to January 2017—Linked to Other German Cities and European Countries. Eurosurveillance, 22, Article ID: 30457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[39] Freidl, G.S., Sonder, G.J., Bovee, L.P., et al. (2017) Hepatitis A Outbreak among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) Predominantly Linked with the EuroPride, the Netherlands, July 2016 to February 2017. Eurosurveillance, 22, Article ID: 30468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[40] Falla, A.M., Hofstraat, S.H.I, Duffell, E., Hahné, S.J.M., Tavoschi, L. and Veldhuijzen, I.K. (2018) Hepatitis B/C in the Countries of the EU/EEA: A Systematic Review of the Prevalence among At-Risk Groups. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18, Article No. 79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] Terrault, N.A. (2002) Sexual Activity as a Risk Factor for Hepatitis C. Hepatology, 36, 99-105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[42] Vranic, S., Cyprian, F.S., Akhtar, S. and Al Moustafa, A.-E. (2018) The Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in Cervical Cancer: A Brief Update. Frontiers in Oncology, 8, 113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Lee, C.W. and Lee, H. (2019) Probable Female to Male Sexual Transmission of Dengue Virus Infection. Infect Diseases, 51, 150-152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[44] Rogstad, K.E. and Tunbridge, A. (2015) Ebola Virus as a Sexually Transmitted Infection. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 28, 83-85.