载人登月舱月面着陆冲击问题分析

Analysis of Landing Impact Problem for the Manned Lunar Module Touching Down on the Lunar Surface

摘要: 月面着陆冲击问题是载人登月工程面对的技术挑战之一，保障着陆稳定性及减少冲击载荷是问题的关键。本文依据美国阿波罗登月舱公开的技术资料，针对月面着陆冲击问题展开分析。概括介绍了宇航员参与的月面主动避障着陆；简述了登月舱的缓冲结构以及着陆速度的设计包线，并分析了登月舱内宇航员设置为站姿的原因及其冲击防护措施；简单介绍了在地面上进行登月舱模拟月面着陆冲击试验的两种方法；最后，提出了该领域未来需要进一步研究的课题。

Abstract: Landing-impact problem is one of challenges in the manned lunar exploration engineering, and the key technologies are how to keep the stability and decrease the impact load during the lunar module (LM) landing on the lunar surface. On the basis of the public documents of Apollo Program, the problems of landing impact at the lunar surface were investigated in detail. Firstly, an active obstacle avoidance landing on the lunar surface involving astronauts was simply summarized. Secondly, the legged construction of energy absorption, the landing velocity envelope and the reasons for astronauts being set up as standing position in the LM and impact protection were illustrated. Thirdly, the full-scale and 1/6-scale landing impact tests conducted on the ground to simulate the lunar gravity were depicted. Finally, we presented the research items which need study in the near future.