语气副词“分明”和“明明”的语用对比研究

The Pragmatic Comparison Research of the Modal Adverbs “Fenming” and “Mingming”

摘要: 本文从语用功能的角度对语气副词“分明”和“明明”进行辨析，力求揭示二者的语用特征，并从语用表达、语用推理和语用预设探讨“分明”与“明明”的主观性差异。“分明”可单独使用，用于单句，强调言者的主观确认和判断，“分明”和“明明”都分布于转折复句中，前者强调肯定或确认言者与听者共知的客观情况或信息与言者的主观判断不符，含反驳语气，后者侧重强调言者所知或言者与听者共知的客观事实偏离预期，含批驳语气。“明明”多用于口语，“分明”多用于书面语，“明明”表达的灵活性一定程度上反映其更能表达言者主观态度。二者都属于情理诱导的推理，“分明”侧重顺承推理，“明明”偏反向推断，且二者在复句中语用预设偏向反向预设，预设往往偏离客观事实或期望的结果，二者的差异在于“分明”预设隐含的情况多于“明明”，“明明”多预设显现。

Abstract: The paper analyzes the modal adverbs “Fenming” and “Mingming” from the perspective of the pragmatic function, and it tries to reveal the pragmatic characteristics of them. What’s more, it ex-plores the differences of subjectivity between them from the aspects of pragmatic expression, pragmatic reasoning and presupposition. “Fenming” can be used alone for a single sentence, em-phasizing the subjective confirmation and judgment of the speaker. Both “Fenming” and “Mingming” are distributed in the transition sentence. The former emphasizes that affirming or confirming the objective situation or information known to the speaker is inconsistent with the subjective judgment of the speaker, with a rebuttal tone. And the latter focuses on emphasizing that objective facts known to the speaker or known by the speaker and the listener deviate from expectations and includes a rebuttal tone. “Mingming” is mostly used in spoken language, but “Fenming” is used in written language, and to some certain extent, the expressive flexibility of “Mingming” reflects its more expressive subjective attitude. Both of them belong to reasoning of reasonable induction. “Fenming” focuses on reasoning, while “Mingming” reverse inference. And the two in the compound sentence with presupposition bias reverse presupposition, which often deviates from objective facts or expected results. The difference between the two lies in the presupposition that “Fenming” implied more than “Mingming”, but the presupposition of “Mingming” is more apparent.