硫酸软骨素及衍生物在医药领域中的研究进展
Advanced Research of Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives in the Medicine Field
摘要: 硫酸软骨素(chondroitin sulfate, CS)是一种天然糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG),具有多重药理作用及结构可塑性。作为一类生物多糖,CS除了具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、促进细胞再生、抗病毒等生物活性外,其本身也作为生物材料在医学领域,如眼科、骨科、肿瘤等方向广泛应用。本文针对CS在病理生理与免疫系统中的生物学特性,及其在药物输送系统和组织工程中的应用进行概述,为其后续的开发研究提供理论依据。
Abstract: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural glycosaminoglycan (GAG), which has multiple pharmacological effects and structural plasticity. As a kind of biological polysaccharide, CS not only has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, promoting cell regeneration, anti-virus and other biological activities, but also has been widely used as a biological material in medical fields such as ophthalmology, orthopaedics, tumors and other fields recently. This article summarizes the biological characteristics of CS in pathophysiology and immune system, and its application in drug delivery system and tissue engineering, providing theoretical basis for its subsequent development and research.
文章引用:田雪, 彭旭东, 尹娇, 张冉冉. 硫酸软骨素及衍生物在医药领域中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(12): 2960-2973. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.1012446

参考文献

[1] du Souich, P., García, A.G., Vergés, J., et al. (2009) Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Chondroitin Sulphate. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 13, 1451-1463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Köwitsch, A., Zhou, G., Groth, T., et al. (2018) Medical Application of Glycosaminoglycans: A Review. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 12, e23-e41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Ustyuzhanina, N.E., Bilan, M.I., Panina, E.G., et al. (2018) Structure and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a New Unusual Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate from Cucumaria djakonovi. Marine Drugs, 16, 389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Ilieva, K.M., Cheung, A., Mele, S., et al. (2017) Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 and Its Potential as an Antibody Immunotherapy Target across Different Tumor Types. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Kastana, P., Choleva, E., Poimenidi, E., et al. (2019) Insight into the Role of Chondroitin Sulfate E in Angiogenesis. The FEBS Journal, 286, 2921-2936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Zhu, W.M., Ji, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2018) Structural Characterization and in Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Chondroitin Sulfate Purified from Andrias davidianus Cartilage. Carbohydrate Polymers, 196, 398-404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Volpi, N. (2019) Chondroitin Sulfate Safety and Quality. Molecules, 24, 1447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Higashi, K., Okamoto, Y., Mukuno, A., et al. (2015) Functional Chondroitin Sulfate from Enteroctopus dofleini Containing a 3-O-Sulfo Glucuronic Acid Residue. Carbohydrate Polymers, 134, 557-565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Niu, Q.F., Li, G.Y., Li, C., et al. (2020) Two Different Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfates: Structural Elucidation, Stimulating Hematopoiesis and Immune-Enhancing Effects. Carbohydrate Polymers, 230, Article ID: 115698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Lin, K. and Kasko, A.M. (2014) Carbohydrate-Based Polymers for Immune Modulation. ACS Macro Letters, 3, 652-657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Lee, J.Y., Lee, H.S., Kang, N.W., et al. (2020) Blood Component Ridable and CD44 Receptor Targetable Nanoparticles Based on a Maleimide-Functionalized Chondroitin Sulfate Derivative. Carbohydrate Polymers, 230, Article ID: 115568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Yang, J.Y., Jiang, S., Guan, Y., et al. (2019) Pancreatic Islet Surface Engineering with a starPEG-Chondroitin Sulfate Nanocoating. Biomaterials Science, 7, 2308-2316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[13] Farrugia, B.L., Lord, M.S., Whitelock, J.M., et al. (2018) Harnessing Chondroitin Sulphate in Composite Scaffolds to Direct Progenitor and Stem Cell Function for Tissue Repair. Biomaterials Science, 6, 947-957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[14] Ledbetter, E.C., Munger, R.J., Ring, R.D., et al. (2006) Efficacy of Two Chondroitin Sulfate Ophthalmic Solutions in the Therapy of Spontaneous Chronic Corneal Epithelial Defects and Ulcerative Keratitis Associated with Bullous Keratopathy in Dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 9, 77-87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Pérez-balbuena, A.L., Ochoa-tabares, J.C., Belalcazar-rey, S., et al. (2016) Efficacy of a Fixed Combination of 0.09 % Xanthan gum/0.1 % Chondroitin Sulfate Preservative Free vs Polyethylene Glycol/Propylene Glycol in Subjects with Dry Eye Disease: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Ophthalmology, 16, 164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Eslani, M., Movahedan, A., Afsharkhamseh, N., et al. (2014) The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55, 6108-6115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Sandri, G., Bonferoni, M.C., Rossi, S., et al. (2016) Platelet Lysate and Chondroitin Sulfate Loaded Contact Lenses to Heal Corneal Lesions. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 509, 188-196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Wang, X.K., Majumdar, S., Ma, G., et al. (2017) Chondroitin Sulfate-Based Biocompatible Crosslinker Restores Corneal Mechanics and Collagen Alignment. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 58, 3887-3895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Lynch, A.P. and Ahearne, M. (2013) Strategies for Developing Decellularized Corneal Scaffolds. Experimental Eye Research, 108, 42-47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Chakraborty, J., Roy, S., Murab, S., et al. (2019) Modulation of Macrophage Phenotype, Maturation, and Graft Integration through Chondroitin Sulfate Cross-Linking to Decellularized Cornea. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 5, 165-179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] da Cunha, A.L., Aguiar, J.A.K., da Silva, F.S.C., et al. (2017) Do Chondroitin Sulfates with Different Structures Have Different Activities on Chondrocytes and Macrophages? International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 103, 1019-1031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Jomphe, C., Gabriac, M., Hale, T.M., et al. (2008) Chondroitin Sulfate Inhibits the Nuclear Translocation of Nuclear Factor-kappaB in Interleukin-1beta-Stimulated Chondrocytes. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 102, 59-65.
[23] Campo, G.M., Avenoso, A., Campo, S., et al. (2008) Purified Human Plasma Glycosaminoglycans Reduced NF-kappaB Activation, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Apoptosis in LPS-Treated Chondrocytes. Innate Immunity, 14, 233-246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Tat, S.K., Pelletier, J.P., Verges, J., et al. (2007) Chondroitin and Glucosamine Sulfate in Combination Decrease the Pro-Resorptive Properties of Human Osteoarthritis Subchondral Bone Osteoblasts: A Basic Science Study. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 9, R117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Calamia, V., Lourido, L., Fernandez-Puente, P., et al. (2012) Secretome Analysis of Chondroitin Sulfate-Treated Chondrocytes Reveals Anti-Angiogenic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Catabolic Properties. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 14, R202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Korotkyi, O.H., Vovk, A.A., Dranitsina, A.S., et al. (2019) The Influence of Probiotic Diet and Chondroitin Sulfate Administration on Ptgs2, Tgfb1 and Col2a1 Expression in Rat Knee Cartilage during Monoiodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis. Minerva Medica, 110, 419-424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[27] Canas, N., Gorina, R., Planas, A.M., et al. (2010) Chondroitin Sulfate Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Rat Astrocytes by Preventing Nuclear Factor Kappa B Activation. Neuroscience, 167, 872-879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Liao, W.Z., Luo, Z., Liu, D., et al. (2015) Structure Characterization of a Novel Polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata and Its Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63, 535-544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Zhang, M.M., Wu, W.J., Ren, Y., et al. (2017) Structural Characterization of a Novel Polysaccharide from Lepidium meyenii (Maca) and Analysis of Its Regulatory Function in Macrophage Polarization in Vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65, 1146-1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Wu, F., Zhou, C., Zhou, D., et al. (2018) Immune-Enhancing Activities of Chondroitin Sulfate in Murine Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 198, 611-619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Wang, Y.J., Qi, Q.C., Li, A., et al. (2016) Immuno-Enhancement Effects of Yifei Tongluo Granules on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Balb/c Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 194, 72-82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Wojdasiewicz, P., Poniatowski, Ł.A., Szukiewicz, D., et al. (2014) The Role of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis. Mediators of Inflammation, 2014, Article ID: 561459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Hochberg, M.C., Martel-Pelletier, J., Monfort, J., et al. (2016) Combined Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine for Painful Knee Osteoarthritis: A Multicentre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Non-Inferiority Trial versus Celecoxib. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 75, 37-44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Reginster, J.Y., Dudler, J., Blicharski, T., et al. (2017) Pharmaceutical-Grade Chondroitin Sulfate Is as Effective as Celecoxib and Superior to Placebo in Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: The ChONdroitin versus CElecoxib versus Placebo Trial (CONCEPT). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 76, 1537-1543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Wildi, L.M., Raynauld, J.P., Martel-Pelletier, J., et al. (2011) Chondroitin Sulphate Reduces Both Cartilage Volume Loss and Bone Marrow Lesions in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients Starting as Early as 6 Months after Initiation of Therapy: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study Using MRI. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 70, 982-989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Terencio, M.C., Ferrandiz, M.L., Carceller, M.C., et al. (2016) Chondroprotective Effects of the Combination Chondroitin Sulfate-Glucosamine in a Model of Osteoarthritis Induced by Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection in Ovariectomised Rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 79, 120-128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Lin, T.S., Hsieh, C.H., Kuo, C., et al. (2020) Sulfation Pattern of Chondroitin Sulfate in Human Osteoarthritis Cartilages Reveals a Lower Level of Chondroitin-4-Sulfate. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229, Article ID: 115496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Pudelko, A., Wisowski, G., Olczyk, K., et al. (2019) The Dual Role of the Glycosaminoglycan Chondroitin-6-Sulfate in the Development, Progression and Metastasis of Cancer. The FEBS Journal, 286, 1815-1837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Li, F., Tendam, G.B., Murugan, S., et al. (2008) Involvement of Highly Sulfated Chondroitin Sulfate in the Metastasis of the Lewis Lung Carcinoma Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283, 34294-34304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[40] Mizumoto, S., Takahashi, J. and Sugahara, K. (2012) Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) Functions as Receptor for Specific Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans, and Anti-RAGE Antibody or Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Delivered in Vivo Inhibit Pulmonary Metastasis of Tumor Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287, 18985-18994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[41] Borsig, L., Wang, L., Cavalcante, M.C., et al. (2007) Selectin Blocking Activity of a Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan from Sea Cucumber. Effect on Tumor Metastasis and Neutrophil Recruitment. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 14984-14991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[42] Liu, X., Liu, Y., Hao, J., et al. (2016) In Vivo Anti-Cancer Mechanism of Low-Molecular-Weight Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate (LFCS) from Sea Cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Molecules, 21, 625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Pan, H.C., Xue, W.K., Zhao, W.J., et al. (2020) Expression and Function of Chondroitin 4-Sulfate and Chondroitin 6-Sulfate in Human Glioma. FASEB Journal, 34, 2853-2868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[44] Zhang, J.Z., Sun, B.N., Zhang, K., et al. (2020) Screening and Surveillance of Multiple Solid Tumours Using Plasma Placental-Like Chondroitin Sulfate A (pl-CSA). International Journal of Medical Sciences, 17, 161-169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Pellegatta, S., Savoldo, B., Di Ianni, N., et al. (2018) Constitutive and TNFα-Inducible Expression of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 in Glioblastoma and Neurospheres: Implications for CAR-T Cell Therapy. Science Translational Medicine, 10, eaao2731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] Harrer, D.C., Dörrie, J., Schaft, N., et al. (2019) CSPG4 as Target for CAR-T-Cell Therapy of Various Tumor Entities-Merits and Challenges. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, 5942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[47] Yang, M.Y., Zhou, G.S., Castano-izquierdo, H., et al. (2015) Biomineralization of Natural Collagenous Nanofibrous Membranes and Their Potential Use in Bone Tissue Engineering. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 11, 447-456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Palmer, L.C., Newcomb, C.J., Kaltz, S.R., et al. (2008) Biomimetic Systems for Hydroxyapatite Mineralization Inspired by Bone and Enamel. Chemical Reviews, 108, 4754-4783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] George, A. and Veis, A. (2008) Phosphorylated Proteins and Control over Apatite Nucleation, Crystal Growth, and Inhibition. Chemical Reviews, 108, 4670-4693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Xiao, X., He, D., Liu, F., et al. (2008) Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/Chondroitin Sulfate Composites by Biomimetic Synthesis. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 112, 838-843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[51] Ehrlich, H., Hanke, T., Simon, P., et al. (2010) Carboxymethylation of the Fibrillar Collagen with Respect to Formation of Hydroxyapatite. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 92, 542-551.
[52] Embery, G., Hall, R., Waddington, R., et al. (2001) Proteoglycans in Dentinogenesis. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 12, 331-349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[53] Liu, X.Y. and Lim, S.W. (2003) Templating and Supersaturation-Driven Anti-Templating: Principles of Biomineral Architecture. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125, 888-895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[54] He, H.H., Shao, C.Y., Mu, Z., et al. (2020) Promotion Effect of Immobilized Chondroitin Sulfate on Intrafibrillar Mineralization of Collagen. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229, Article ID: 115547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Avirutnan, P., Zhang, L., Punyadee, N., et al. (2007) Secreted NS1 of Dengue Virus Attaches to the Surface of Cells via Interactions with Heparan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate E. PLoS Pathogens, 3, 1798-1812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[56] Daisuke, K., Shota, E., Ippei, W., et al. (2010) Antiviral Activity of Chondroitin Sulphate E Targeting Dengue Virus Envelope Protein. Antiviral Research, 88, 236-243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[57] Jinno-Oue, A., Tanaka, A., Shimizu, N., et al. (2013) Inhibitory Effect of Chondroitin Sulfate Type E on the Binding Step of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 29, 621-629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Huang, N., Wu, M.Y., Zheng, C.B., et al. (2013) The Depolymerized Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate from Sea Cucumber Potently Inhibits HIV Replication via Interfering with Virus Entry. Carbohydrate Research, 380, 64-69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Galus, A., Mallet, J.M., Lembo, D., et al. (2016) Hexagonal-Shaped Chondroitin Sulfate Self-Assemblies Have Exalted Anti-HSV-2 Activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 136, 113-120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[60] Wang, D.A., Varghese, S., Sharma, B., et al. (2007) Multifunctional Chondroitin Sulphate for Cartilage Tissue-Biomaterial Integration. Nature Materials, 6, 385-392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] Reyes, J.M., Herretes, S., Pirouzmanesh, A., et al. (2005) A Modified Chondroitin Sulfate Aldehyde Adhesive for Sealing Corneal Incisions. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46, 1247-1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[62] Sterhin, I., Nahas, Z., Arora, K., et al. (2010) A Versatile pH Sensitive Chondroitin Sulfate-PEG Tissue Adhesive and Hydrogel. Biomaterials, 31, 2788-2797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Trujillo-de Santiago, G., Sharifi, R., Yue, K., et al. (2019) Ocular Adhesives: Design, Chemistry, Crosslinking Mechanisms, and Applications. Biomaterials, 197, 345-367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] Wang, X.F., Ren, J., He, H.Q., et al. (2019) Self-Assembled Nanoparticles of Reduction-Sensitive Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Conjugated Chondroitin Sulfate A for Doxorubicin Delivery: Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 24, 794-802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[65] Zhang, H., Xu, J.K., Xing, L., et al. (2017) Self-Assembled Micelles Based on Chondroitin Sulfate/Poly(d,l-lactideco- glycolide) Block Copolymers for Doxorubicin Delivery. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 492, 101-111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[66] Naor, D., Siomov, R.V. and Ish-shalom, D. (1997) CD44: Structure, Function, and Association with the Malignant Process. Advances in Cancer Research, 71, 241-319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[67] Oh, J.Y., Lee, R.H., Yu, J.M., et al. (2012) Intravenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevented Rejection of Allogeneic Corneal Transplants by Aborting the Early Inflammatory Response. Molecular Therapy, 20, 2143-2152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Fernandes-Cunha, G.M., Na, K.S., Putra, I., et al. (2019) Corneal Wound Healing Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Delivered within a Viscoelastic Gel Carrier. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 8, 478-489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[69] Sandri, G., Bonferoni, M.C., Rossi, S., et al. (2012) Thermosensitive Eye Drops Containing Platelet Lysate for the Treatment of Corneal Ulcers. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 426, 1-6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[70] Zhang, M., Ma, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2019) A CD44-Targeting Programmable Drug Delivery System for Enhancing and Sensitizing Chemotherapy to Drug-Resistant Cancer. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11, 5851-5861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[71] Liu, M., Khan, A.R., Ji, J., et al. (2018) Crosslinked Self-Assembled Nanoparticles for Chemo-Sonodynamic Combination Therapy Favoring Antitumor, Antimetastasis Management and Immune Responses. Journal of Controlled Release, 290, 150-164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[72] Zorzi, G.K., Párraga, J.E., Seijo, B., et al. (2011) Hybrid Nanoparticle Design Based on Cationized Gelatin and the Polyanions Dextran Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate for Ocular Gene Therapy. Macromolecular Bioscience, 11, 905-913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[73] Chen, W.Q., Liu, Y., Liang, X., et al. (2017) Chondroitin Sulfate-Functionalized Polyamidoamine as a Tumor-Targeted Carrier for miR-34a Delivery. Acta Biomaterialia, 57, 238-250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[74] Zu, M.H., Ma, L.J., Zhang, X.Q., et al. (2019) Chondroitin Sulfate-Functionalized Polymeric Nanoparticles for Colon Cancer-Targeted Chemotherapy. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 177, 399-406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[75] Nie, W., Zhang, B., Pan, R., et al. (2020) Surface Modification with Chondroitin Sulfate Targets Nanoparticles to the Neuronal Cell Membrane in the Substantia Nigra. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 11, 197-204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[76] Tan, G., Li, J., Song, Y., et al. (2019) Phenylboronic Acid-Tethered Chondroitin Sulfate-Based Mucoadhesive Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome. Acta Biomaterialia, 99, 350-362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[77] Krishnaswami, V., Kandasamy, R., Alagarsamy, S., et al. (2018) Biological Macromolecules for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery to Treat Ocular Diseases. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 110, 7-16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[78] Mitragotri, S., Anderson, D.G., Chen, X.Y., et al. (2015) Accelerating the Translation of Nanomaterials in Biomedicine. ACS Nano, 9, 6644-6654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[79] Elzoghby, A.O., Elgohary, M.M., Kamel, N.M., et al. (2015) Implications of Protein- and Peptide-Based Nanoparticles as Potential Vehicles for Anticancer Drugs. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology, 98, 169-221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[80] Drbohlavova, J., Adam, V., Kizek, R., et al. (2009) Quantum Dots—Characterization, Preparation and Usage in Biological Systems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10, 656-673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[81] Abdelhamid, A.S., Zayed, D.G., Hlemy, M.W., et al. (2018) Lactoferrin-Tagged Quantum Dots-Based Theranostic Nanocapsules for Combined COX-2 Inhibitor/Herbal Therapy of Breast Cancer. Nanomedicine (London), 13, 2637-2656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[82] Hu, G.L., Zhang, H.Q., Zhang, L., et al. (2015) Integrin-Mediated Active Tumor Targeting and Tumor Microenvironment Response Dendrimer-Gelatin Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Tumor Treatment. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 496, 1057-1068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[83] Abdelhamid, A.S., Helmy, M.W., Ebrahim, S.M., et al. (2018) Layer-by-Layer Gelatin/Chondroitin Quantum Dots-Based Nanotheranostics: Combined Rapamycin/Celecoxib Delivery and Cancer Imaging. Nanomedicine (London), 13, 1707-1730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[84] Hinz, B. (2007) Formation and Function of the Myofibroblast during Tissue Repair. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 127, 526-537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[85] Rieger, K.A.B., Nathan, P. and Schiffman, J.D. (2013) Designing Electrospun Nanofiber Mats to Promote Wound Healing—A Review. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 1, 4531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[86] Pezeshki-Modaress, M., Mirzadeh, H., Zandi, M., et al. (2017) Gelatin/Chondroitin Sulfate Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Stimulation of Wound Healing: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Study. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 105, 2020-2034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[87] Bhowmick, S., Scharnweber, D. and Koul, V. (2016) Co-Cultivation of Keratinocyte-Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell (hMSC) on Sericin Loaded Electrospun Nanofibrous Composite Scaffold (Cationic Gelatin/Hyaluronan/Chondroitin Sulfate) Stimulates Epithelial Differentiation in hMSCs: In Vitro Study. Biomaterials, 88, 83-96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[88] Sadeghi, A., Zandi, M., Pezeshki-Modaress, M., et al. (2019) Tough, Hybrid Chondroitin Sulfate Nanofibers as a Promising Scaffold for Skin Tissue Engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 63-75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[89] Saporito, F., Sandri, G., Bonferoni, M.C., et al. (2018) Electrospun Gelatin(-)Chondroitin Sulfate Scaffolds Loaded with Platelet Lysate Promote Immature Cardiomyocyte Proliferation. Polymers (Basel), 10, 208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[90] McCrary, M.R., Jesson, K., Wei, Z.Z., et al. (2020) Cortical Transplantation of Brain-Mimetic Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds and Neural Progenitor Cells Promotes Vascular Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 9, Article ID: 1900285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[91] Gao, Y.L., Li, B., Kong, W.L., et al. (2018) Injectable and Self-Crosslinkable Hydrogels Based on Collagen Type II and Activated Chondroitin Sulfate for Cell Delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 118, 2014-2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[92] Zhou, X., Wang, J., Fang, W., et al. (2018) Genipin Cross-Linked Type II Collagen/Chondroitin Sulfate Composite Hydrogel-Like Cell Delivery System Induces Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Regenerates Degenerated Nucleus Pulposus. Acta Biomaterialia, 71, 496-509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[93] Fan, M., Ma, Y., Tan, H.P., et al. (2017) Covalent and Injectable Chitosan-Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogels Embedded with Chitosan Microspheres for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering. Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications, 71, 67-74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[94] Miyata, S. and Kitagawa, H. (2017) Formation and Remodeling of the Brain Extracellular Matrix in Neural Plasticity: Roles of Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronan. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta—General Subjects, 1861, 2420-2434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[95] Karumbaiah, L., Enam, S.F., Brown, A.C., et al. (2015) Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Hydrogels Create Endogenous Niches for Neural Stem Cells. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 26, 2336-2349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[96] Liu, C., Fan, L., Xing, J., et al. (2019) Inhibition of Astrocytic Differentiation of Transplanted Neural Stem Cells by Chondroitin Sulfate Methacrylate Hydrogels for the Repair of Injured Spinal Cord. Biomaterials Science, 7, 1995-2008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[97] Lai, J.Y., Li, Y.T., Cho, C.H., et al. (2012) Nanoscale Modification of Porous Gelatin Scaffolds with Chondroitin Sulfate for Corneal Stromal Tissue Engineering. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 7, 1101-1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[98] Zhou, F.F., Zhang, X.Z., Cai, D.D., et al. (2017) Silk Fibroin-Chondroitin Sulfate Scaffold with Immuno-Inhibition Property for Articular Cartilage Repair. Acta Biomaterialia, 63, 64-75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[99] Yu, X., Qian, G., Chen, S., et al. (2017) A Tracheal Scaffold of Gelatin-Chondroitin Sulfate-Hyaluronan-Polyvinyl Alcohol with Orientated Porous Structure. Carbohydrate Polymers, 159, 20-28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[100] Singh, B.N., Veeresh, V., Mallick, S.P., et al. (2019) Design and Evaluation of Chitosan/Chondroitin Sulfate/Nano-Bioglass Based Composite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 133, 817-830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[101] Liu, Y., Lv, H.L., Ren, L., et al. (2016) Improving the Moisturizing Properties of Collagen Film by Surface Grafting of Chondroitin Sulfate for Corneal Tissue Engineering. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 27, 758-772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[102] Kong, J., Wei, B., Groth, T., et al. (2018) Biomineralization Improves Mechanical and Osteogenic Properties of Multilayer-Modified PLGA Porous Scaffolds. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 106, 2714-2725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]