“重大误解”下合同的效力分析

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Contracts under Major Misunderstandings

摘要: “意思表示错误”制度在比较法上已经有相当长的历史，我国民法尚未确立意思表示错误制度，而是采用“重大误解”制度来实现与域外法“意思表示错误”制度一样的规范功能。“重大误解”作为民法上一个高度抽象的法律概念，一直以来都饱受“粗糙立法”的诟病，实务中的适用还是需要从价值层面出发对其进行还原。在合同领域，表意人是否有权基于“重大误解”而主张撤销合同，法条规范同样模糊不清。意思自治、信赖利益保护、交易安全、利益均衡是构成重大误解规则的运作原理。在个案中，各原理所占比重是不同的，若要判定“重大误解”下的合同效力问题，就需要对其四者进行动态衡量。

Abstract: The “intentional error” system has a long history in comparative law. Our country’s civil law has not yet established an intentional error system, but adopts the “major misunderstanding” system to achieve the same normative function as the “intentional error” system of foreign law. As a highly abstract legal concept in civil law, “major misunderstanding” has always been criticized by “rough legislation”, and its application in practice still needs to be restored from the value level. In the field of contracts, whether ideologists have the right to call for cancellation of a contract based on a “ma-jor misunderstanding”, the legal provisions are also vague. Autonomy of will, protection of trust in-terests, transaction security, and interest balance are the operating principles that constitute a major misunderstanding of the rules. In individual cases, the proportions of the various principles are different. To determine the validity of the contract under the “major misunderstanding”, it is necessary to dynamically measure the four of them.