不同决策情境下的损失厌恶效应差异
The Difference of Loss Aversion Effect under Different Decision Contexts
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2021.111025, PDF,   
作者: 陈思柳：西南大学心理学部，重庆
关键词: 决策情境；损失厌恶；ERPs；Decision-Making Context； Loss Aversion； ERPs
摘要: 本研究采用一个赌博决策范式，同时采用事件相关脑电技术，探究在为自己决策和为他人决策两种情境下，个体在行为和神经基础上的差异，重点探究两种情境引起的损失厌恶效应的差异。结果发现：1) 在反应阶段，被试在两种决策情境下的风险偏好和反应时均不存在差异，选项“NO”比“YES”诱发更大的P3波幅。2) 在反馈阶段，为自己决策情境下诱发的FRN波幅大于为他人决策情境，损失诱发的FRN波幅显著大于收益。结论如下：1) 个体对损失的反馈更敏感。2) 当前一个试次的反馈是损失时，被试在下一个试次中更倾向于寻求风险，这可能是陷入了“赌徒谬误”。3) 研究结果部分验证了“有限理性”的观点、调节焦FRN的强化学习理论和情绪动机假说。
Abstract: In this study, we designed a gambling task to explore the difference of individuals’ behavioral feature and neural basis in the context of making decisions for ourselves and in the context of making decisions for others by using the event-related potential. Furthermore, we focused on the difference of loss aversion effect caused in these two contexts. The results showed that: 1) In the response phase, there was no significant difference in the RTs and risk preference between the context of making decisions for ourselves and the context of making decisions for others. In addition, the P3 amplitude induced by the option of “No” was greater than that induced by the option of “Yes”. 2) In the feedback phase, the FRN amplitude induced by the context of making decisions for ourselves was greater than that induced by the context of making decisions for others. Further, the FRN amplitude induced by losses was greater than that of gains. In sum, we could draw the following conclusions: 1) Individuals were more sensitive to losses but not for gains. 2) When receiving the feedback of loss in the former trial, individuals were more inclined to seek the risk in the next trial. It might be because individuals were caught in the “gambler’s fallacy”. 3) The results of this study partially verified the view of “bounded rationality”, the reinforcement learning theory and the hypothesis of emotion motivation.
文章引用：陈思柳 (2021). 不同决策情境下的损失厌恶效应差异. 心理学进展, 11(1), 222-231. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2021.111025

参考文献

[1] 段婧, 刘永芳, 何琪(2012). 决策者角色及相关变量对风险偏好的影响. 心理学报, 44(3), 369-376.
[2] 蒋多, 徐富明(2015). 赌徒谬误的心理机制及其影响因素. 人类工效学, 21(1), 74-78.
[3] 刘翠翠, 陈彬, 刘磊鑫, 等(2013). 当局者迷, 旁观者清? 自我-他人决策的理性差异及其机制. 心理科学进展, 21(5), 879-885.
[4] 刘永芳, 陈雪娜, 卢光莉, 王怀勇(2010). 决策者角色及相关因素对风险偏好的影响. 心理科学, 44(3), 369-376.
[5] 王堂生, 王志光(2013). 损失厌恶效应的神经经济学研究. International Conference on Education and Teaching, Wuhan, 15 March 2013, 418-423.
[6] 赵秋荻, 刘永芳, 段婧, 徐沙(2013). 心理距离与决策者角色对风险决策的影响. 应用心理学, 19(1), 26-33.
[7] Andersson, O., Holm, H. J., Tyran, J. R., & Wengström, E. (2013). Deciding for Others Reduces Loss Aversion. Working Paper, 55, 355-364.
https://doi.org /10.2139/ssrn.2347332
[8] Beisswanger, A. H., Stone, E. R., Hupp, J. M., & Allgaier, l. (2003). Risk Taking in Relationships: Differences in Deciding for Oneself Versus for a Friend. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 25, 121-135.
https://doi.org /10.1207/S15324834BASP2502_3
[9] Bekker, E. M., Kenemans, J. L., & Verbaten, M. N. (2005). Source Analysis of the N2 in a Cued Go/NoGo Task. Cognitive Brain Research, 22, 221-231.
https://doi.org /10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.08.011
[10] Breiter, H. C., Aharon, I., Kahneman, D., Dale, A., & Shizgal, P. (2001). Functional Imaging of Neural Responses to Expectancy and Experience of Monetary Gains and Losses. Neuron, 30, 619-639.
https://doi.org /10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00303-8
[11] Campanella, S., Gaspard, C., Debatisse, D. et al. (2002). Discrimination of Emotional Facial Expressions in a Visual Oddball Task: An ERP Study. Biological Psychology, 59, 171-186.
https://doi.org /10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00005-4
[12] Crowe, E., & Higgins, E. T. (1997). Regulatory Focus and Strategic Inclinations: Promotion and Prevention in Decision-Making. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 69, 117-132.
https://doi.org /10.1006/obhd.1996.2675
[13] Dore, R. A., Stone, E. R., & Buchanan, C.M. (2014). A Social Values Analysis of Parental Decision Making. The Journal of Psychology, 148, 477-504.
https://doi.org /10.1080/00223980.2013.808603
[14] Folstein, J. R., & Van, P. C. (2008). Influence of Cognitive Control and Mismatch on the N2 Component of the ERP: A Review. Psychophysiology, 45, 152-170.
https://doi.org /10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00602.x
[15] Gehring, W. J., & Willoughby, A R. (2002). The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary Gains and Losses. Science, 295, 2279-2282.
https://doi.org /10.1126/science.1066893
[16] Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., & Berry, T. R. (2001). GARP for Kids: on the Development of Rational Choice Behavior. American Economic Review, 91, 1539-1545.
https://doi.org /10.1257/aer.91.5.1539
[17] Hibbing, J. R., & Alford, J. R. (2005). Decision Making on Behalf of Others. The Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington DC, 1-4 September 2005.
[18] Higgins, E T. (1987). Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
https://doi.org /10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
[19] Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. (2002). The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement Learning, Dopamine, and the Error-Related Negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679-709.
https://doi.org /10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679
[20] Jonas, E., & Frey, D. (2003). Information Search and Presentation in Advisor-Client Interaction. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 91, 154-168.
https://doi.org /10.1016/S0749-5978(03)00059-1
[21] Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-292.
https://doi.org /10.2307/1914185
[22] Li, P., Jia, S., Feng, T. et al. (2010). The Influence of the Diffusion of Responsibility Effect on Outcome Evaluations: Electrophysiological Evidence from an ERP Study. NeuroImage, 52, 1727-1733.
https://doi.org /10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.275
[23] Pollai, M., & Kirchler, E. (2012). Differences in Risk-Defusing Behavior in Deciding for Oneself versus Deciding for Other People. Acta Psychologica, 139, 239-243.
https://doi.org /10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.09.013
[24] Stone, E R., Choi, Y. S., & De Bruin, W. B. (2013). I Can Take the Risk, but You Should Be Safe: Self-Other Differences in Situations Involving Physical Safety. Judgment & Decision Making, 8, 250-267.
[25] Stone, E. R., & Allgaier, L. (2008). A Social Values Analysis of Self-Other Differences in Decision Making Involving Risk. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 30, 114-129.
https://doi.org /10.1080/01973530802208832
[26] Tom, S. M., Fox, C. R., Trepel, C., & Poldrack, R. A. (2007). The Neural Basis of Loss Aversion in Decision-Making under Risk. Science, 315, 515-518.
https://doi.org /10.1126/science.1134239