不同类型学校教师的职业紧张因素对压力与心理健康的影响

The Effect of Job Strain on Stress and Mental Health Status among Teachers in Different Types of Schools

摘要: 目的：分析不同类型学校教师的职业紧张因素，并考察其对心理压力和心理健康的影响作用。方法：采用问卷调查的方法，包括简明知觉压力量表、压力反应量表、工作内容问卷、流行学研究中心抑郁量表以及状态焦虑问卷5个量表，对小学、初中、高中、高职、大学教师共发放问卷450份，得到有效问卷402份。结果：1) 小学、初中、高中三种类型学校教师的压力水平显著高于高职和大学教师；2) 教师群体的焦虑、抑郁检出率较高；3) 不同类型学校的工作要求和决策自主得分存在显著差异；4) 工作特征属于高紧张度的群体，其压力反应显著高于样本中的其他人群。结论：教师属于高压力群体，其中，女性、40岁以上、基础教育阶段是压力重点人群。工作要求–自主程度–社会支持(JDCS)理论模型可用于量化筛查出高职业紧张类型的人群。

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the job strain of teachers in different types of schools, and to investigate the effect of job strain on stress and mental health status. Methods: 5 scales including the Brief Inventory of Perceived Stress, the Stress Response Scale, the Job Content Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and the State Anxiety Inventory were used; a total of 450 questionnaires were distributed to teachers in primary schools, middle schools, high schools, higher vocational schools and universities; and 402 valid questionnaires were obtained. Results: 1) The stress level of primary, middle and high school teachers was significantly higher than that of higher vocational and university teachers; 2) The prevalence rate of anxiety and depression among teachers is higher than that in general people; 3) There were significant differences in job demands and decision-making autonomy scores among different types of schools; 4) The group with high job strain has significantly higher stress response level than other groups in the sample. Conclusions: Teachers are among high stress groups of people; especially, female teachers, over 40 years old, working in primary, middle and high schools are the highest stress groups. The model of Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) can be used to quantitatively screen the population with high work stress.