中央凹词频不影响汉语老年读者副中央凹字N + 2的预视
The Frequency of Foveal Words Shows No Influence on the Preview of Character N + 2 for Older Readers during Chinese Reading
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2021.112037, PDF,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 吴 捷, 何立媛, 王永胜：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地天津师范大学心理与行为研究院，天津；天津师范大学心理学部，天津；陈梦思：天津师范大学心理学部，天津
关键词: 汉语阅读；老年人；中央凹加工；副中央凹加工；Chinese Reading； Older Adults； Foveal Processing； Parafoveal Processing
摘要: 本研究采用边界范式，通过操纵中央凹注视词的词频(高频和低频)以及副中央凹字N + 2的预视类型(目标预视和假字预视)，考察老年读者的副中央凹信息加工是否受中央凹加工负荷的调节。结果发现：1) 所有读者都能够获取副中央凹字N + 2的信息，且老年读者获取预视信息量与青年读者无显著差异；2) 中央凹负荷不影响读者的副中央凹信息加工。上述结果表明，汉语老年读者的副中央凹信息加工不受中央凹加工负荷的调节。
Abstract: In order to explore whether parafoveal processing was regulated by foveal load for older readers, we used the boundary paradigm to manipulate the previews of character N + 2 (identical and pseudocharacter) in parafovea, and selected target words with low and high frequency to manipulate foveal load. The results showed that: 1) all readers can process the information of the character N + 2, and the amount of the preview information acquired by younger and older readers showed no significant difference; 2) parafoveal information processing was not regulated by foveal load for younger and older readers. These findings suggest that the parafoveal processing of older readers shows no decline and it is not regulated by the foveal load.
文章引用：吴捷, 陈梦思, 何立媛, 王永胜 (2021). 中央凹词频不影响汉语老年读者副中央凹字N + 2的预视. 心理学进展, 11(2), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2021.112037

参考文献

[1] 白学军, 刘娟, 臧传丽, 张慢慢, 郭晓峰, 闫国利(2011). 中文阅读过程中的副中央凹预视效应. 心理科学进展, 19(12), 1721-1729.
[2] 李玉刚, 黄忍, 滑慧敏, 李兴珊(2017). 阅读中的眼跳目标选择问题. 心理科学进展, 25(3), 404-412.
[3] 王丽红, 白学军, 闫国利, 吴捷(2012). 词频和语境预测性在老年人阅读中的作用: 眼动研究. 中国老年学杂志, 32(16), 3503-3507.
[4] 王永胜, 白学军, 臧传丽, 高晓雷, 郭志英, 闫国利(2016). 副中央凹中字N+2的预视对汉语阅读眼跳目标选择影响的眼动研究. 心理学报, 48(1), 1-11.
[5] 王永胜, 赵冰洁, 陈茗静, 李馨, 闫国利, 白学军(2018). 中央凹加工负荷与副中央凹信息在汉语阅读眼跳目标选择中的作用. 心理学报, 50(12), 1336-1345.
[6] 闫国利, 白学军(2007). 汉语阅读的眼动研究. 心理与行为研究, 5(3), 229-234.
[7] 张慢慢, 臧传丽, 白学军(2020). 中文阅读中副中央凹预加工的范围与程度. 心理科学进展, 28(6), 871-822.
[8] Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-Effects Modeling with Crossed Random Effects for Subjects and Items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390-412.[CrossRef] 
[9] Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1-48.[CrossRef] 
[10] Cerella, J. (1985). Information Processing Rates in the Elderly. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 67-83.[CrossRef] 
[11] Choi, W., Lowder, M. W., Ferreira, F., Swaab, T. Y., & Henderson, J. M. (2017). Effects of Word Predictability and Preview Lexicality on Eye Movements during Reading: A Comparison between Young and Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 32, 232-242.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2011). Parallel Graded Attention Models of Reading. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements (pp. 787-800). Oxford: Oxford University Press.[CrossRef] 
[13] Henderson, J. M., & Ferreira, F. (1990). Effects of Foveal Processing Difficulty on the Perceptual Span in Reading: Implications for Attention and Eye Movement Control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 417-429.[CrossRef] 
[14] Kliegl, R., Nuthmann, A., & Engbert, R. (2006). Tracking the Mind during Reading: The Influence of Past, Present, and Future Words on Fixation Durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 12-35.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Li, S., Li, L., Wang, J., Mcgowan, V. A., & Paterson, K. B. (2018). Effects of Word Length on Eye Guidance Differ for Young and Older Chinese Readers. Psychology and Aging, 33, 685-692.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Li, S., Oliver-Mighten, L., Li, L., White S. J., Paterson, K. B., Wang, J., Warrington K. L., & Mcgowan, V. A. (2019). Adult Age Differences in Effects of Text Spacing on Eye Movements during Reading. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2700.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Mcgowan, V. A., White, S. J., Jordan, T. R., & Paterson, K. B. (2014). Aging and the Use of Interword Spaces during Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 740-747.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Rayner, K. (1975). The Perceptual Span and Peripheral Cues in Reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81.[CrossRef] 
[19] Rayner, K. (2009). Eye Movements and Attention in Reading, Scene Perception, and Visual Search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1457-1506.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1987). Eye Movements in Reading: A Tutorial Review. In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attention and Performance (Vol. 12, pp. 327-362). London: Erl-baum.
[21] Rayner, K., Castelhano, M. S., & Yang, J. (2009). Eye Movements and the Perceptual Span in Older and Younger Adults. Psychology and Aging, 24, 755-760.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Rayner, K., Castelhano, M. S., & Yang, J. (2010). Preview Benefit during Eye Fixations in Reading for Older and Younger Readers. Psychology and Aging, 25, 714-718.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Rayner, K., Inhoff, A. W., Morrison, R., Slowiaczek, M. L., & Bertera, J. H. (1981). Masking of Foveal and Parafoveal Vision during Eye Fixations in Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 167-179.[CrossRef] 
[24] Rayner, K., Reichle, E. D., Stroud, M. J., Williams, C. C., & Pollatsek, A. (2006). The Effect of Word Frequency, Word Predictability, and Font Difficulty on the Eye Movements of Young and Older Readers. Psychology and Aging, 21, 448-465.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Rayner, K., Yang, J., Schuett, S., & Slattery, T. J. (2014). The Effect of Foveal and Parafoveal Masks on the Eye Movements of Older and Younger Readers. Psychology and Aging, 29, 205-212.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Reichle, E. D., & Drieghe, D. (2013). Using E-Z Reader to Examine Word Skipping during Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 1311-1320.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a Model of Eye Movement Control in Reading. Psychological Review, 105, 125-157.[CrossRef] 
[28] Risse, S., & Kliegl, R. (2011). Adult Age Differences in the Perceptual Span during Reading. Psychology and Aging, 26, 451-460.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Schneider, J. (2002). Block Letter Eye Chart. http://eyetestnow.com/images/snellen_block_letter_eye_chart_eye_exam_test.pdf
[30] Schotter, E. R., Angele, B., & Rayner, K. (2012). Parafoveal Processing in Reading. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74, 5-35.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Veldre, A., & Andrews, S. (2018). How Does Foveal Processing Difficulty Affect Parafoveal Processing during Reading? Journal of Memory and Language, 103, 74-90.[CrossRef] 
[32] Warrington, K. L., McGowan, V. A., Paterson, K. B., & White, S. J. (2018). Effects of Aging, Word Frequency, and Text Stimulus Quality on Reading across the Adult Lifespan: Evidence from Eye Movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44, 1714-1729.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Wechsler, D. (1997). WAIS-III Administration and Scoring Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
[34] Wechsler, D., Chen, Y. H., & Chen, X. Y. (2002). WAIS-III Chinese Version Technical Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
[35] Wei, W., Li, X. S., & Pollatsek, A. (2013). Word Properties of a Fixated Region Affect Outgoing Saccade Length in Chinese Reading. Vision Research, 80, 1-6.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Whitford, V., & Titone, D. (2016). Eye Movements and the Perceptual Span during First- and Second-Language Sentence Reading in Bilingual Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 31, 58-70.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Xie, F., Wang, J., Hao, L., Zhang, X., & Warrington, K. L. (2020). Perceptual Span Is Independent of Font Size for Older and Young Readers: Evidence From Chinese. Psychology and Aging.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Yan, M. (2015). Visually Complex Foveal Words Increase the Amount of Parafoveal Information Acquired. Vision Research, 111, 91-96.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Zang, C., Zhang, M., Bai, X., Yan, G., Paterson, K. B., & Liversedge, S. P. (2016). Effects of Word Frequency and Visual Complexity on Eye Movements of Young and Older Chinese Readers. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 1409-1425.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Zhang, M., Liversedge, S. P., Bai, X., Yan, G., & Zang, C. (2019). The Influence of Foveal Lexical Processing Load on Parafoveal Preview and Saccadic Targeting During Chinese Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45, 812-825.[CrossRef] [PubMed]