基于GIS的山东史前聚落分布形态与演化研究

Study on the Distribution and Evolution of Prehistoric Settlements in Shandong Province Based on GIS

摘要: 通过对山东新石器时代聚落遗址的堆积特征、时空分布特征进行分析，探讨山东省聚落的传承方式以及时空分布与环境演变之间的关系。结果表明：山东新石器时代遗址在堆积形态上主要表现为单一型(占比80.69%)，文化传承模式在鲁中南地区表现为连续且相对稳定的模式，而在鲁西北地区表现为间断的、非稳定模式。遗址数量呈现出增多–急剧增多–减少的变化规律。遗址的空间分布同样具有规律性，后李文化遗址分布呈现集中式且多依水分布，北辛文化时期遗址分布向东、西延伸，大汶口文化时期遗址分布向南扩展，至龙山文化时期分布范围遍及全区，但至岳石文化时期遗址分布范围显著收缩，尤其低海拔平原地区遗址密度明显降低。距今8000~5000年温暖湿润的气候环境促进了新石器早中期文化的持续发展，而距今5000~4000年气候温暖程度降低但仍较为适宜，海岸线不断后退，龙山文化得以繁荣发展。但距今4000年前后的降温、频发的洪患灾害和战争共同导致了龙山文化显著衰落，使其被岳石文化所代替。

Abstract: Based on the analysis of the accumulation characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution charac-teristics of Neolithic settlement sites in Shandong Province, this paper discusses the inheritance mode of settlements in Shandong Province and the relationship between spatio-temporal distribu-tion and environmental evolution. The results show that the accumulation form of Neolithic sites in Shandong is mainly a single type (accounting for 80.69%), and the cultural inheritance model is continuous and relatively stable in the central and southern part of Shandong, while intermittent and unstable in the northwest of Shandong. The number of sites shows a law of increase-sharp in-crease-decrease. The spatial distribution of sites is also regular. The distribution of post-Li cultural sites is centralized and mostly distributed according to water, the distribution of sites in the period of Beixin culture extends to the east and west, and the distribution of sites in the period of Dawen-kou culture extends to the south. It covers the whole region in the period of Longshan culture, but it shrinks significantly in the period of Yueshi culture, especially in the low-altitude plain area. The warm and humid climate 8000~5000 years ago promoted the sustainable development of the early and middle Neolithic culture, while the warm climate decreased but still suitable for 5000~4000 years ago, the coastline retreated continuously, and Longshan culture flourished and developed. However, the cooling, frequent flood disasters and wars around 4000 years ago led to the significant decline of Longshan culture, which was replaced by Yueshi culture.