舞蹈训练中与动作学习关联的神经结构——观看、构想、践行

Neural Structures Associated with Movement Learning in Dance Training—Observation, Imagery, Enactment

摘要: 专业舞蹈训练既要求精湛的运动技艺，又要求艺术审美的感染力。职业舞者既能够精确地重现包含复杂高难动作的大段编舞，也能进行新颖的即兴创作。这为心理学以及神经科学研究提供了一个独特的用于研究复杂运动学习的受试者群体。既往研究表明：舞蹈培训中运动学习过程的三个环节——观察动作、运动心像、执行动作会调用一个共享的“动作观察与虚拟”神经网络。本文回顾了近年来与舞蹈训练相关的功能性核磁共振成像与脑电图研究。结果发现舞蹈训练的动作学习会调用人脑中多个彼此重叠的运动、感觉、以及认知功能区域。在长期专项舞蹈训练造就精湛表演技艺的过程中，多样、协调的运动任务所诱导的神经可塑性改变是其中不可或缺的基础。

Abstract: Professional dance training demands the achievement of both motor expertise and esthetic appeal. Expert dancers are capable of both flawless performances of long sessions of choreography comprising complex and demanding movements, and creative improvisation, which made them a unique group of subjects for investigating brain plasticity changes caused by complex motor learning. The three facets of motor learning-action observation (AO), motor imagery (KMI), and movement execution have been shown to recruit a common “Action Observation and Visualization” network. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and Electroencephalography (EEG) studies related to dance training were reviewed. It was found that complex movements in dance learning recruit different motor, sensory and cognitive brain areas. Neuroplasticity changes associated with variegated and coordinated motor tasks in dance training underpin the expertise brought by long-term intensive training of the specific genres of dance. On the other hand, due to the motion artifact inevitably elicited by complex whole-body movement in the process of tomography imaging, the use of more ecologically valid dance material as stimuli in the functional neurology imaging study on movement execution is still unfeasible at present. Therefore, motor imagery invoked across multiple sensory modalities will still be employed as substitute for actual movement execution in the foreseeable future.