奖励对注意偏向的影响：变化盲视的研究

The Influence of Value on Attentional Bias: A Study of Changing Blindness

摘要: 变化盲视和变化探测可以成为一种衡量注意偏向程度的方法，注意的偏向可以提高或降低变化盲视产生的概率、加快或延迟对变异刺激变化探测的时间。本研究将采用变化盲视和变化探测的方法，探索个体在高注意负荷背景下奖赏联结刺激对注意偏向的影响。实验一和实验二均采用被试内实验设计，分两个阶段进行。实验一中经过“奖赏联结范式”将红色刺激与绿色刺激分别与高、低奖赏联结在一起并在随后的变化盲视范式中作为一种靶刺激出现。在实验二中，奖赏联结后的刺激在测试阶段作为一种分心刺激出现。结果显示，相对于无奖赏无关刺激，当奖赏联结刺激作为一种靶刺激出现的时候，可以降低变化盲视发生的概率，也可以缩短变化探测所需要的时间，其中高奖赏条件下比低奖赏条件下更能起作用。而相对于无奖赏无关刺激，当奖赏联结刺激作为一种分心刺激出现的时候，会增加变化探测所需要的时间，但是不会增加变化盲视发生的概率。此外，奖赏联结的刺激会比无奖赏无关刺激占用更多的注意资源，当奖赏联结刺激作为一种靶刺激出现的时候，低奖赏联结刺激会比高奖赏联结刺激占用更多的注意资源，而当作为一种无关干扰刺激出现的时候，高奖赏联结刺激比低奖赏联结刺激占用更多的注意资源。

Abstract: There are unexpected means to measure the degree attentional bias, which is the “flicker para-digm” of the Change Blindness and Change Detection. Attentional biases can increase or decrease the probability of Change Blindness, speeding up or delaying the detection of changes in the mutant stimulus. To this end, this study will use the methods of Change Blindness and Change Detection to explore the impact of rewards on the attentional bias of individuals in the context of high attention-load. Experiment 1 and experiment 2 were both carried out using the within-subject design procedure, which contained two phases separately. The red and the green were associated with high-value and low-value respectively appeared as the targets in the test phase of experiment 1, while as the to-be-ignored distractor in the test phase of experiment 2. The study show that probability of change blindness reduced when the stimuli as the targets relative to the neutral color, and there was shorter time of change detection. Specially, the effect of the high-reward is better than the low-reward. On the contrary, it would take more time to detect the change in the flicker paradigm when the reward-associated colors as the task-irrelevant stimuli. Compared with the neutral color, the response was under red take the longest time. In addition, the reward-asso- ciated stimuli would use more attentional resources than the neutral stimuli. Comparing with the lower reward-associated stimuli, the higher reward-associated stimuli would use the less attentional resources when the reward-associated colors as the targets in the flicker paradigm, while the higher reward-associated stimuli would use the more cognitive resources when it as the task- irrelevant stimuli in the flicker paradigm.