口译经验与执行控制的互动效应述评
Review and Commentary on the Interactive Effects of Interpreting Experience and Executive Control
DOI: 10.12677/ML.2021.92039, PDF,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 胡敏霞：四川大学外国语学院，四川 成都
关键词: 口译经验；执行控制；互动效应；调节因素；Interpreting Experience； Executive Control； Interactive Effects； Moderating Factors
摘要: 执行控制包括抑制、转换、更新等心理功能，对口译信息加工和认知精力分配具有重要调节作用。通过梳理口译经验与执行控制双向效应的相关实证研究，本研究发现了口译经验对于译员的执行功能有总体提升作用，而译员的执行控制也对口译水平有显著预测效应。但是前期结论存在一定程度的不一致性，主要原因包括人口背景、二语经验和口译经验等因素造成的组内异质性、实验任务的多样性以及口译经验与实验任务的不匹配性。因此未来研究在加强研究设计的同时应关注影响译员认知优势出现的关键调节变量。鉴于口译经验中大量的语言、加工和社会语境控制需求，持续推进该研究范式不仅会对心理语言学和认知语言学做出积极贡献，而且有助于厘清口译经验与执行控制互动关系的本质。
Abstract: Executive control (EC) includes the psychological functions of inhibition, shift and updating, among others. EC plays an important role in regulating information processing and cognitive ef-fort allocation in language interpreting. By combing through relevant empirical research on the interactive effects of interpreting experience and executive control, this review found that in-terpreting experience has an overall positive effect on the interpreter’s executive functions, and the interpreter’s executive control also significantly predicts interpreting proficiency or per-formance. However, inconsistency in previous findings also exists, mainly due to the hetero-geneity of the demographic background, second language experience and interpreting expe-rience in the interpreter group, the diversity of experimental tasks and indicators used, and the mismatch between interpreting experience and experimental tasks. Therefore, while strengthening research design, future attempts should pay attention to these key moderating variables that affect the appearance of translators’ cognitive advantages. In view of the intensive language, processing and social contextual control needed in language interpretation, the continued advancement of this research paradigm will not only make positive contributions to psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics, but also help clarify the true nature of the interaction between interpreting and executive control.
文章引用：胡敏霞. 口译经验与执行控制的互动效应述评[J]. 现代语言学, 2021, 9(2): 283-292. https://doi.org/10.12677/ML.2021.92039

参考文献

[1] Diamond, A. (2013) Executive Functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Miyake, A. and Friedman, N.P. (2012) The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 8-14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Bialystok, E. and DePape, A. (2009) Musical Expertise, Bilingualism, and Executive Functioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35, 565-574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Wylie, S.A., Bashore, T.R., Van Wouwe, N.C., Mason, E.J., John, K.D., Neimat, J.S. and Ally, B.A. (2018) Exposing an “Intangible” Cognitive Skill among Collegiate Football Players: Enhanced Interference Control. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Dong, Y. and Zhong, F. (2019) The Intense Bilingual Experience of Interpreting and Its Neurocognitive Consequences. In: Schwieter, J., Ed., The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, 685-700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[6] Heijnen, S., Hommel, B., Kibele, A. and Colzato, L.S. (2016) Neuromodulation of Aerobic Exercise—A Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A. and Antfolk, J. (2018) Is Bilingualism Associated with Enhanced Executive Functioning in Adults? A Meta Analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 144, 394-425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A. and Wager, T.D. (2000) The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Friedman, N.P. (2016) Research on Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Implications for the Bilingual Advantage Hypothesis. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6, 535-548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Baddeley, A. and Hitch, G.J. (1974) Working Memory. In: Bower, G., Ed., The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, Vol. 8, Academic Press, New York, 47-89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[11] Baddeley, A. (2000) The Episodic Buffer: A New Component of Working Memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 417-423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[12] Baddeley, A. (2003) Working Memory and Language: An Overview. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36, 189-208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[13] Timarová, Š. (2015) Working Memory. In: Pöchhacker, F., Ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies, Routledge, New York, 443-446.
[14] Friedman, N.P. and Miyake, A. (2017) Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions: Individual Differences as a Window on Cognitive Structure. Cortex, 86, 186-204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] 胡敏霞. 口译经验与工作记忆的双向关系——相关实证文献述评[J]. 现代语言学, 2021. (印刷中)
[16] Yudes, C., Macizo, P. and Bajo, T. (2011) The Influence of Expertise in Simultaneous Interpreting on Non-Verbal Executive Processes. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Dong, Y. and Xie, Z. (2014) Contributions of L2 Proficiency and Interpreting Experience to Cognitive Control Differences among Young Adult Bilinguals. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26, 506-519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[18] Dong, Y. and Liu, Y. (2016) Classes in Translating and Interpreting Produce Differential Gains in Switching and Updating. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Aparicio, X., Heidlmayr, K. and Isel, F. (2017) Inhibition Efficiency in Highly Proficient Bilinguals and Simultaneous Interpreters: Evidence from Language Switching and Stroop Tasks. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46, 1427-1451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Babcock, L. and Vallesi, A. (2017) Are Simultaneous Interpreters Expert Bilinguals, Unique Bilinguals, or Both. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20, 403-417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] Van der Linden, L., Van de Putte, E., Woumans, E., Duyck, W. and Szmalec, A. (2018) Does Extreme Language Control Training Improve Cognitive Control? A Comparison of Professional Interpreters, L2 Teachers and Monolinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Nour, S., Struys, E. and Stengers, H. (2019) Attention Network in Interpreters: The Role of Training and Experience. Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1-13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Rosiers, A., Woumans, E., Duyck, W. and Eyckmans, J. (2019) Investigating the Presumed Cognitive Advantage of Aspiring Interpreters. Interpreting, 21, 115-134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[24] Köpke, B. and Nespoulous, J. (2006) Working Memory Performance in Expert and Novice Interpreters. Interpreting, 8, 1-23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[25] Timarová, Š., Čeňková1, I., Meylaerts, R., Hertog, E., Szmalec, A. and Duyck, W. (2014) Simultaneous Interpreting and Working Memory Executive Control. Interpreting, 16, 139-168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[26] Woumans, E., Ceuleers, E., Van der Linden, L., Szmalec, A. and Duyck, W. (2015) Verbal and Non-Verbal Cognitive Control in Bilinguals and Interpreters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41, 1579-1586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Verreyt, N., Woumans, E., Vandelanotte, D., Szmalec, A. and Duyck, W. (2016) The Influence of Language Switching Experience on the Bilingual Executive Control Advantage. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19, 181-190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[28] 胡敏霞, 宋婷婷. 口译学员认知控制能力对口译水平的影响研究[J]. 现代语言学, 2020(5): 647-658.
[29] 刘玉花, 董燕萍. 初级阶段口译训练对认知控制能力的影响——来自纵向研究的证据[J]. 外语学刊, 2017(4): 73-78.
[30] 刘玉花. 口译经验对年轻成人认知转换能力的影响[J]. 翻译研究与教, 2018(1): 102-108.
[31] Strobach, T., Becker, M., Schubert, T. and Kühn, S. (2015) Better Dual Task Processing in Simultaneous Interpreters. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Becker, M., Schubert, T., Strobach, T., Gallinat, J. and Kühn, S. (2016) Simultaneous Interpreters vs. Professional Multilingual Controls: Group Differences in Cognitive Control as Well as Brain Structure and Function. NeuroImage, 134, 250-260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Zhao, H. and Dong, Y. (2020) The Early Presence and Developmental Trend of Interpreter Advantages in Cognitive Flexibility: Effects from Task Differences and L2 Proficiency. Translation, Cognition and Behavior, 3, 241-262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[34] Macnamara, B.N. and Conway, A.R.A. (2014) Novel Evidence in Support of the Bilingual Advantage: Influences of Task Demands and Experience on Cognitive Control and Working Memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 21, 520-525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Macnamara, B.N. and Conway, A.R.A. (2016) Working Memory Capacity as a Predictor of Simultaneous Language Interpreting Performance. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5, 434-444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[36] Morales, J., Padilla, F., Gómez-Ariza, C.J. and Bajo, M.T. (2015) Simultaneous Interpretation Selectively Influences Working Memory and Attentional Networks. Acta Psychologica, 155, 82-91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Dong, Y., Liu, Y. and Cai, R. (2018) How Does Consecutive Interpreting Training Influence Working Memory: A Longitudinal Study of Potential Links between the Two. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] 刘玉花, 董燕萍. 初级阶段口译活动与工作记忆关系的纵向研究[J]. 外国语, 2020, 43(1): 112-121.
[39] Mellinger, C.D. and Hanson, T.A. (2020) Meta-Analysis and Replication in Interpreting Studies. Interpreting, 22, 140-149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[40] Nour, S., Struys, E., Woumans, E., Hollebeke, I. and Stengers, H. (2020) An Interpreter Advantage in Executive Functions? A Systematic Review. Interpreting, 22, 163-186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[41] Bialystok, E., Poarch, G., Luo, L. and Craik, F.I.M. (2014) Effects of Bilingualism and Aging on Executive Function and Working Memory. Psychology and Aging, 29, 696-705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Calvo, A. and Bialystok, E. (2014) Independent Effects of Bilingualism and Socioeconomic Status on Language Ability and Executive Functioning. Cognition, 130, 278-288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Cheng, Y. and Wu, X. (2017) The Relationship between SES and Reading Comprehension in Chinese: A Mediation Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[44] Sörman, D.E., Hansson, P., Pritschke, I. and Ljungberg, J.K. (2019) Complexity of Primary Lifetime Occupation and Cognitive Processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Green, D. (1998) Mental Control of the Bilingual Lex-ico-Semantic System. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67-81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[46] Green, D.W. and Abutalebi, J. (2013) Language Control in Bilinguals: The Adaptive Control Hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 515-530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[47] Paap, K.R. (2019) The Bilingual Advantage Debate: Quantity and Quality of the Evidence. In: Schwieter, J.W., Ed., The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, Wiley-Blackwell, London, 701-735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[48] Luk, G., De Sa, E. and Bialystok, E. (2011) Is There a Relation between Onset Age of Bilingualism and Enhancement of Cognitive Control? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14, 588-595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[49] Hui, N.-Y., Yuan, M., Fong, M.C.-M. and Wang, W.S. (2020) L2 Proficiency Predicts Inhibitory Ability in L1-Dominant Speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 24, 984-998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[50] Sanchez-Azanza, V.A., López-Penadés, R., Aguilar-Mediavilla, E. and Adrover-Roig, D. (2020) Latent Variable Evidence on the Interplay between Language Switching Frequency and Executive Control in Spanish-Catalan Bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 24, 912-930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[51] Chein, J.M. and Schneider, W. (2012) The Brain’s Learning and Control Architecture. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 78-84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[52] Hervais-Adelman, A., Moser-Mercer, B. and Golestani, N. (2015) Brain Functional Plasticity Associated with the Emergence of Expertise in Extreme Language Control. Neuroimage, 114, 264-274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[53] Hervais-Adelman, A., Moser-Mercer, B., Murray, M.M. and Golestani, N. (2017) Cortical Thickness Increases after Simultaneous Interpretation Training. Neuropsychologia, 98, 212-219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[54] Jääskeläinen, R. (2010) Are All Professionals Experts? Definitions of Expertise and Reinterpretation of Research Evidence in Process Studies. In: Shreve, G.M. and Angelone, E., Eds., Translation and Cognition, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 213-227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[55] Wen, H. and Dong, Y. (2019) How Does Interpreting Experience Enhance Working Memory and Short-Term Memory: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 31, 769-784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[56] Hiltunen, S., Paakkonen, R., Vik, G.V. and Krause, C.M. (2016) On Interpreters’ Working Memory and Executive Control. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20, 297-314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[57] Bialystok, E. (2017) The Bilingual Adaptation: How Minds Accommodate Experience. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 233-262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Struys, E., Duyck, W. and Woumans, E. (2018) The Role of Cognitive Development and Strategic Task Tendencies in the Bilingual Advantage Controversy. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Dreisbach, G. and Fröber, K. (2019) On How to Be Flexible (or Not): Modulation of the Stability-Flexibility Balance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28, 3-9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[60] García, A.M., Muñoz, E. and Kogan, B. (2019) Taxing the Bilingual Mind: Effects of Simultaneous Interpreting Experience on Verbal and Executive Mechanisms. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 729-739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[61] Santilli, M., Vilas, M.G., Mikulan, E., Caro, M.M., Muñoz, E., Sedeño, L., Ibañez, A. and García, A.M. (2019) Bilingual Memory, to the Extreme: Lexical Processing in Simultaneous Interpreters. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22, 331-348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[62] Seleskovitch, D. (1978) Interpreting for International Conferences. Pen and Booth, Washington DC.
[63] Seeber, K.G. (2011) Cognitive Load in Simultaneous Interpreting: Existing Theories—New Models. Interpreting, 13, 176-204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[64] Gile, D. (1999) Testing the Effort Models’ Tightrope Hypothesis in Simultaneous Interpreting—A Contribution. Hermes. Journal of Linguistics, 23, 153-172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[65] Gile, D. (2009) Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. 2nd Edition, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[66] Dong, Y. and Li, P. (2020) Attentional Control in Interpreting: A Model of Language Control and Processing Control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 716-728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]