刻板印象的无意识启动效应——基于不同分析方法
Unconscious Mechanisms of Stereotype in Subliminal Semantic Activation—Based on Different Analysis Methods
摘要: 采用阈下语义启动范式，一致不一致回归两种分析模式分别对刻板印象阈下语义启动的无意识性进行了实验分析研究。以男性/女性姓名作为启动刺激，性别刻板特质词、自然景物无关词作为目标刺激，构成了一致、冲突、无关3种“启动–目标”关系类型，用反应时和正确率为指标对刻板印象阈下语义启动现象进行研究。结果发现，回归模式分析正确率指标时，存在刻板印象的阈下启动效应，但并不十分明显；一致不一致模式分析反应时指标时，无关条件下反应时最长，冲突条件次之，一致条件最短。刻板印象的阈下语义启动现象是存在的，在一定程度上具有无意识成分的存在。
Abstract: By using the paradigm of subliminal semantic activation, this research was designed to study the mechanisms of unconscious processing of stereotype in Subliminal Semantic Activation. The prime word was a male or female name. The target was either a word of gender stereotypic trait or a natural scenery word. Thus 3 types of prime-target relations were established: congruent, Incongruent and non-related (NR). Reaction Time (RT) and Accuracy (ACC) is indicators for the stereotype of subliminal semantic priming phenomena. The results showed: 1) If ACC is an indicator, the SSA of the stereotype existed in this experiment, but not very obvious. It meant that unconsciousness was dissociated from consciousness in this experiment. 2) If RT is an indicator, NR has the longest time; congruent condition has the shorter time and incongruent time between both of them. It meant that SSA of stereotype exists and its process is unconscious of automatic.
文章引用：元杨, 钟珊 (2021). 刻板印象的无意识启动效应——基于不同分析方法. 心理学进展, 11(4), 895-903. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2021.114102

参考文献

[1] 水仁德, 海杰, 沈模卫(2003). 汉语阈下语义启动无意识机制研究. 心理科学, 26(6), 1025-1029.
[2] 王沛, 杨亚平, 赵仑(2010). 刻板印象的激活效应: 行为和ERPs证据. 心理学报, 42(5), 607-617.
[3] 张晓斌, 佐斌(2012). 基于面孔知觉的刻板印象激活两阶段模型. 心理学报, 44(9), 1189-1201.
[4] Banaji, M. R., & Hardin, C. (1996). Automatic Stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7, 136-141.[CrossRef] 
[5] Banaji, M. R., Hardin, C., & Rothman, A. J. (1993). Implicit Stereotyping in Person Judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 272-281.[CrossRef] 
[6] Clow, K. A., & Esses, V. M. (2007). Expectancy Effects in Social Stereotyping: Automatic and Controlled Processing in the Neely Paradigm. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 39, 161-173.[CrossRef] 
[7] Fein, S., Hoshino-Browne, E., Davies, P. G., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). The Role of Self-Image Maintenance in Stereotype Activation and Application. In S. J. Spencer, S. Fein, M. P. Zanna, & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Motivated Social Perception: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 9, pp. 21-44). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
[8] Greenwald, A. G., Abrams, R. L., Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). Long-Term Semantic Memory versus Contextual Memory in Unconscious Number Processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory, and Cognition, 29, 235-247.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by Marginally Perceptible (\“Subliminal\”) Stimuli: Dissociation of Unconscious from Conscious Cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 22-42.[CrossRef] 
[10] Holender, D. (1986). Semantic Activation without Conscious Identification in Dichotic Listening, Parafoveal Vision, and Visual Masking: A Survey and Appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 1-23.[CrossRef] 
[11] Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). When Do Stereotypes Come to Mind and When Do They Color Judgment? A Goal- Based Theoretical Framework for Stereotype Activation and Application. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 522-544.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Lupker, S. J., & Theios, J. (1975). Tests of Two Classes of Models for Choice Reaction Times. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1, 137-146.[CrossRef] 
[13] Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2001). Social Cognition: Categorical Person Perception. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 239-255.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Milne, A. B. (1995). The Dissection of Selection in Person Perception: Inhibitory Processes in Social Stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 397-407.[CrossRef] 
[15] Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as Energy-Saving Devices: A Peek inside the Cognitive Toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37.[CrossRef] 
[16] Marcel, A. (1980). Conscious and Preconscious Recognition on Polysemous Words: Locating Selective Effects of Prior Verbal Contexts. Attention & Performance, 88, 131-141.
[17] Sherman, J. W., Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Attention and Stereotyping: Cognitive Constraints on the Construction of Meaningful Social Impressions. In W. Stroebe, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 145-175). Chichester: Wiley.[CrossRef] 
[18] Snodgrass, M., & Shevrin, H. (2006). Unconscious Inhibition and Facilitation at the Objective Detection Threshold: Replicable and Qualitatively Different Unconscious Perceptual Effects. Cognition, 101, 43-79.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C. T., Fong, C., & Dunn, M. A. (1998). Automatic Activation of Stereotypes: The Role of Self-Image Threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1139-1152.[CrossRef] 
[20] Stangor, C. (2009). The Study of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination within Social Psychology: A Quick History of Theory and Research. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination (pp. 1-22). New York: Psychology Press.