抑郁个体积极情绪缺陷的原因:动机对习惯性情绪调节策略的影响
Causes of Positive Emotion Deficits in Depressed Individuals: The Influence of Motivation on Habitual Emotion Regulation Strategies
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2021.116175, PDF,   
作者: 丁鹏浩*, 井玉汝, 佟月华#:济南大学,教育与心理科学学院,山东 济南
关键词: 抑郁症积极情绪情绪调节动机Depression Positive Emotion Emotion Regulation Motivation
摘要: 抑郁症的主要特征之一是负性情绪增加,积极情绪减少。抑郁个体的积极情绪缺陷与其习惯性情绪调节策略的使用有关,相较于正常个体,抑郁个体会更多地使用降低积极情绪的调节策略和更少地使用提高积极情绪的调节策略,这种策略使用失调受到多种动机驱动情绪偏向的影响。本文综合了情绪的过程模型和工具模型的视角,为探究抑郁个体的积极情绪缺陷的成因和抑郁症的干预提供了一个新的方向。
Abstract: Depression is characterized by increased levels of negative affect and decreased levels of positive affect. Positive emotion deficits in depression are associated with habitual use of emotion regulation strategies. Depressive individuals more frequently engage in strategies that serve to down-regulate positive emotion and less frequently use strategies that serve to up-regulate positive emotion relative to healthy individuals. The dysfunction in habitual emotion regulation strategy use is affected by emotional preference driven by multiple motivations. The paper synthesizes the perspectives of process model and tool model of emotion, and provides a new direction for exploring the causes of positive emotion deficits in depression and the intervention of depression.
文章引用:丁鹏浩, 井玉汝, 佟月华 (2021). 抑郁个体积极情绪缺陷的原因:动机对习惯性情绪调节策略的影响. 心理学进展, 11(6), 1565-1575. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2021.116175

参考文献

[1] 李红, 杨小光, 郑文瑜, 王超(2019). 抑郁倾向对个体情绪调节目标的影响——来自事件相关电位的证据. 心理学报, 51(6), 637-647.
[2] 孟昭兰(编) (2005). 情绪心理学. 北京: 北京大学出版社.
[3] 朱传林, 李萍, 罗文波, 齐正阳, 何蔚祺(2016). 精神分裂症患者的情绪调节. 心理科学进展, 24(4), 556-572.
[4] Aker, M., Harmer, C., & Landrø, N. I. (2014). More Rumination and Less Effective Emotion Regulation in Previously Depressed Women with Preserved Executive Functions. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1-10.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington DC: Author.[CrossRef
[6] Beblo, T., Fernando, S., Klocke, S., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., & Driessen, M. (2012). Increased Suppression of Negative and Positive Emotions in Major Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 474-479.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O. M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance Theory of Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
[8] Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2017). Savoring: A New Model of Positive Experience. Hove: Psychology Press.[CrossRef
[9] Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Effects of Suppression and Acceptance on Emotional Responses of Individuals with Anxiety and Mood Disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1251-1263.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Carl, J. R., Soskin, D. P., Kerns, C., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Positive Emotion Regulation in Emotional Disorders: A Theoretical Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 343-360.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Carthy, T., Horesh, N., Apter, A., Edge, M. D., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotional Reactivity and Cognitive Regulation in Anxious Children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 384-393.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Carver, C. S., & Johnson, S. L. (2009). Tendencies toward Mania and Tendencies toward Depression Have Distinct Motivational, Affective, and Cognitive Correlates. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 552.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., Dour, H., & Rosenfield, D. (2019). Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial for a Core Feature of Anhedonia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87, 457.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Curland, R. A., Tran, M. M., Barba, F., & Leykin, Y. (2020). Depressed Individuals’ Reasons for and against Trying to Get Better. Clinical Psychologist, 24, 186-194.[CrossRef
[15] D’Avanzato, C., Joormann, J., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2013). Emotion Regulation in Depression and Anxiety: Examining Diagnostic Specificity and Stability of Strategy Use. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 968-980.[CrossRef
[16] De Rubeis, J., Lugo, R. G., Witthöft, M., Sütterlin, S., Pawelzik, M. R., & Vögele, C. (2017). Rejection Sensitivity as a Vulnerability Marker for Depressive Symptom Deterioration in Men. PLoS ONE, 12, e0185802.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Diener, E., Wolsic, B., & Fujita, F. (1995). Physical Attractiveness and Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 120.[CrossRef
[18] Domes, G., Schulze, L., Böttger, M., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Wirtz, P. H., Heinrichs, M., & Herpertz, S. C. (2010). The Neural Correlates of Sex Differences in Emotional Reactivity and Emotion Regulation. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 758-769.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Dunn, B. D., Widnall, E., Reed, N., Taylor, R., Owens, C., Spencer, A., Kraag, G., Kok, G., Geschwind, N., Wright, K., Moberly, N. J., Moulds, M. L., Macleod, A. K., Handley, R., Richards, D., Campbell, J., & Kuyken, W. (2019). Evaluating Augmented Depression Therapy (ADepT): Study Protocol for a Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 5, 1-16.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Eisner, L. R., Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (2009). Positive Affect Regulation in Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 645-649.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Ellis, A. J., Beevers, C. G., & Wells, T. T. (2011). Attention Allocation and Incidental Recognition of Emotional Information in Dysphoria. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 425-433.[CrossRef
[22] Everaert, J., Bronstein, M. V., Cannon, T. D., & Joormann, J. (2018). Looking through Tinted Glasses: Depression and Social Anxiety Are Related to Both Interpretation Biases and Inflexible Negative Interpretations. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 517-528.[CrossRef
[23] Feldman, G. C., Joormann, J., & Johnson, S. L. (2008). Responses to Positive Affect: A Self-Report Measure of Rumination and Dampening. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 507-525.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Ferrari, A. J., Somerville, A. J., Baxter, A. J., Norman, R., Patten, S. B., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013). Global Variation in the Prevalence and Incidence of Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Literature. Psychological Medicine, 43, 471.[CrossRef
[25] Fischer, A. H., Manstead, A. S., Evers, C., Timmers, M., & Valk, G. (2004). Motives and Norms Underlying Emotion Regulation. In R. Feldman, & P. Philippot (Eds.), The Regulation of Emotion (pp. 187-210). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[26] Forbes, D. L. (2011). Toward a Unified Model of Human Motivation. Review of General Psychology, 15, 85-98.[CrossRef
[27] Forbes, E. E., Miller, A., Cohn, J. F., Fox, N. A., & Kovacs, M. (2005). Affect-Modulated Startle in Adults with Childhood-Onset Depression: Relations to Bipolar Course and Number of Lifetime Depressive Episodes. Psychiatry Research, 134, 11-25.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Forbes, E. E., Olino, T. M., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Moyles, D. L., & Dahl, R. E. (2010). Reward-Related Brain Function as a Predictor of Treatment Response in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 107-118.[CrossRef
[29] Ford, B. Q., & Tamir, M. (2014). Preferring Familiar Emotions: As You Want (and Like) It? Cognition & Emotion, 28, 311-324.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Fredrickson, B. L. (2000). Extracting Meaning from Past Affective Experiences: The Importance of Peaks, Ends, and Specific Emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 577-606.[CrossRef
[31] Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218.[CrossRef
[32] Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Depressive Symptoms: A Comparative Study of Five Specific Samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1659-1669.[CrossRef
[33] Geschwind, N., Bosgraaf, E., Bannink, F., & Peeters, F. (2020). Positivity Pays Off: Clients’ Perspectives on Positive Compared with Traditional Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression. Psychotherapy, 57, 366-378.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Gilbert, K., Luking, K., Pagliaccio, D., Luby, J., & Barch, D. (2017). Dampening, Positive Rumination, and Positive Life Events: Associations with Depressive Symptoms in Children at Risk for Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 31-42.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Goldstein, A. J., & Chambless, D. L. (1978). A Reanalysis of Agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 9, 47-59.[CrossRef
[36] Goldstein, B. L., Kessel, E. M., Kujawa, A., Finsaas, M. C., Davila, J., Hajcak, G., & Klein, D. N. (2020). Stressful Life Events Moderate the Effect of Neural Reward Responsiveness in Childhood on Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence. Psychological Medicine, 50, 1548-1555.[CrossRef
[37] Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion Regulation: Affective, Cognitive, and Social Consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.[CrossRef
[38] Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion Regulation: Conceptual and Empirical Foundations. In Handbook of Emotion Regulation (Vol. 2, pp. 3-20). New York: Guilford Press.
[39] Gross, J. J. (2015). The Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation: Elaborations, Applications, and Future Directions. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 130-137.[CrossRef
[40] Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual Differences in Two Emotion Regulation Processes: Implications for Affect, Relationships, and Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] Gross, J. J., Richards, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life. In Emotion Regulation in Couples and Families: Pathways to Dysfunction and Health (pp. 13-35). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.[CrossRef
[42] Harding, K. A., Hudson, M. R., & Mezulis, A. (2014). Cognitive Mechanisms Linking Low Trait Positive Affect to Depressive Symptoms: A Prospective Diary Study. Cognition and Emotion, 28, 1502-1511.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Heiy, J. E., & Cheavens, J. S. (2014). Back to Basics: A Naturalistic Assessment of the Experience and Regulation of Emotion. Emotion, 14, 878.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[44] Heller, A. S., Johnstone, T., Shackman, A. J., Light, S. N., Peterson, M. J., Kolden, G. G., Kalin, N. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2009). Reduced Capacity to Sustain Positive Emotion in Major Depression Reflects Diminished Maintenance of Fronto-Striatal Brain Activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 22445-22450.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Henriques, J. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2000). Decreased Responsiveness to Reward in Depression. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 711-724.[CrossRef
[46] Higgins, E. T. (2011). Beyond Pleasure and Pain: How Motivation Works. Oxford: Oxford University Press.[CrossRef
[47] Huang, Y., Wang, Y. U., Wang, H., Liu, Z., Yu, X., Yan, J. et al. (2019). Prevalence of Mental Disorders in China: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6, 211-224.[CrossRef
[48] Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2007). Selective Attention to Emotional Faces Following Recovery from Depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 80.[CrossRef
[49] Joormann, J., & Stanton, C. H. (2016). Examining Emotion Regulation in Depression: A Review and Future Directions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 35-49.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Kalokerinos, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., & Denson, T. F. (2015). Reappraisal But Not Suppression Downregulates the Experience of Positive and Negative Emotion. Emotion, 15, 271.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological Flexibility as a Fundamental Aspect of Health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865-878.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] Kellough, J. L., Beevers, C. G., Ellis, A. J., & Wells, T. T. (2008). Time Course of Selective Attention in Clinically Depressed Young Adults: An Eye Tracking Study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1238-1243.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[53] Kube, T., Kirchner, L., Gärtner, T., & Glombiewski, J. (2021). How Negative Mood Hinders Belief Updating in Depression-Results from Two Experimental Studies.[CrossRef
[54] Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2010). Emotional Inertia and Psychological Maladjustment. Psychological Science, 21, 984-991.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Larsen, R. J., & Prizmic, Z. (2004). Affect Regulation. In R. F. Baumeister, & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (pp. 40-61). New York: The Guilford Press.
[56] Leng, Y., Qian, X., & Zhu, Y. (2018). Modulation of Brain Response to Peer Rejection by Rejection Sensitivity: An Exploratory Study. Neuropsychologia, 117, 389-397.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[57] Li, Y. I., Starr, L. R., & Hershenberg, R. (2017). Responses to Positive Affect in Daily Life: Positive Rumination and Dampening Moderate the Association between Daily Events and Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39, 412-425.[CrossRef
[58] Liu, D. Y., & Thompson, R. J. (2017). Selection and Implementation of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Major Depressive Disorder: An Integrative Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 183-194.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success?. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[60] Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167-195.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2014). Emotion Goals: How Their Content, Structure, and Operation Shape Emotion Regulation. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), The Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 361-375, 2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
[62] McMakin, D. L., Olino, T. M., Porta, G., Dietz, L. J., Emslie, G., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., Asarnow, J. R., Ryan, N. D., Birmahei, B., Shamseddeen, W., Mayes, T., Kennard, B., Spirito, A., Keller, M., Lynch, F. L., Dickerson, J. F., & Brent, D. A. (2012). Anhedonia Predicts Poorer Recovery among Youth with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment-Resistant Depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 404-411.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Millgram, Y., Joormann, J., Huppert, J. D., & Tamir, M. (2015). Sad as a Matter of Choice? Emotion-Regulation Goals in Depression. Psychological Science, 26, 1216-1228.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] Millgram, Y., Sheppes, G., Kalokerinos, E. K., Kuppens, P., & Tamir, M. (2019). Do the Ends Dictate the Means in Emotion Regulation? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148, 80-96.
[65] Minkel, J. D., McNealy, K., Gianaros, P. J., Drabant, E. M., Gross, J. J., Manuck, S. B., & Hariri, A. R. (2012). Sleep Quality and neural circuit function supporting emotion regulation. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 2, 1-9.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[66] Nelis, S., Holmes, E. A., & Raes, F. (2015). Response styles to positive affect and depression: Concurrent and prospective associations in a Community Sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 480-491.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[67] Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2004). For Better or for Worse: Neural Systems Supporting the Cognitive Down- and Up-Regulation of Negative Emotion. Neuroimage, 23, 483-499.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Pegg, S., Arfer, K. B., & Kujawa, A. (2021). Altered Reward Responsiveness and Depressive Symptoms: An Examination of Social and Monetary Reward Domains and Interactions with Rejection Sensitivity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 717-725.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[69] Raes, F., Smets, J., Nelis, S., & Schoofs, H. (2012). Dampening of Positive Affect Prospectively Predicts Depressive Symptoms in Non-Clinical Samples. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 75-82.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[70] Riediger, M., Schmiedek, F., Wagner, G. G., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Seeking Pleasure and Seeking Pain: Differences in Prohedonic and Contra-Hedonic Motivation from Adolescence to Old Age. Psychological Science, 20, 1529-1535.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[71] Rockman, D. (2020). Negative Mood Regulation Expectancies, Cognitive Reappraisal and Mindfulness in Relation to Depression and Anxiety. Doctoral Dissertation, Fullerton, CA: California State University.
[72] Rottenberg, J. (2017). Emotions in Depression: What Do We Really Know? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 241-263.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[73] Rottenberg, J., Kasch, K. L., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Sadness and Amusement Reactivity Differentially Predict Concurrent and Prospective Functioning in Major Depressive Disorder. Emotion, 2, 135.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[74] Rude, S. S., Wenzlaff, R. M., Gibbs, B., Vane, J., & Whitney, T. (2002). Negative Processing Biases Predict Subsequent Depressive Symptoms. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 423-440.[CrossRef
[75] Setterfield, M., Walsh, M., Frey, A. L., & McCabe, C. (2016). Increased Social Anhedonia and Reduced Helping Behaviour in Young People with High Depressive Symptomatology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 372-377.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[76] Silvers, J. A., McRae, K., Gabrieli, J. D., Gross, J. J., Remy, K. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). Age-Related Differences in Emotional Reactivity, Regulation, and Rejection Sensitivity in Adolescence. Emotion, 12, 1235.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[77] Spijker, J., Bijl, R. V., De Graaf, R., & Nolen, W. A. (2001). Determinants of Poor 1-Year Outcome of DSM-III-R Major Depression in the General Population: Results of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 103, 122-130.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[78] Tamir, M. (2009). What Do People Want to Feel and Why? Pleasure and Utility in Emotion Regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 101-105.[CrossRef
[79] Tamir, M. (2016). Why Do People Regulate Their Emotions? A Taxonomy of Motives in Emotion Regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 199-222.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[80] Tamir, M., & Ford, B. Q. (2009). Choosing to Be Afraid: Preferences for Fear as a Function of Goal Pursuit. Emotion, 9, 488.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[81] Tang, W., Bao, C., Xu, L., Zhu, J., Feng, W., Zhang, W.,Lin, C., Chen, L., Cheng, Q., Ding, P., Zhou, M., Bao, Y., Yu, X., Zhao, K., & He, J. (2019). Depressive Symptoms in Late Pregnancy Disrupt Attentional Processing of Negative-Positive Emotion: An Eye-Movement Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 780.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[82] Vrieze, E., Pizzagalli, D. A., Demyttenaere, K., Hompes, T., Sienaert, P., de Boer, P., Schmidt, M., & Claes, S. (2013). Reduced Reward Learning Predicts Outcome in Major Depressive Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 73, 639-645.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[83] Werner-Seidler, A., Banks, R., Dunn, B. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2013). An Investigation of the Relationship between Positive Affect Regulation and Depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 46-56.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[84] Wood, J. V., Heimpel, S. A., Manwell, L. A., & Whittington, E. J. (2009). This Mood Is Familiar and I Don’t Deserve to Feel Better Anyway: Mechanisms Underlying Self-Esteem Differences in Motivation to Repair Sad Moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 363.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[85] Yang, J., Mao, Y., Niu, Y., Wei, D., Wang, X., & Qiu, J. (2020). Individual Differences in Neuroticism Personality Trait in Emotion Regulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 468-474.[CrossRef] [PubMed]