家庭关系中的儿童心理虐待
Psychological Maltreatment of Children in Family Relationships
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2021.117190, PDF,   
作者: 杨 娅, 曹晓君*:西华师范大学教育学院,四川 南充
关键词: 儿童心理虐待家庭因素干预方式Children Psychological Maltreatment Family Factors Means of Intervention
摘要: 家庭环境下对儿童产生的心理虐待,有其显著的特点,即照料者既是潜在安慰的提供者,也是威胁和痛苦的制造者。文章阐述了家庭关系下心理虐待对儿童认知、情绪和行为所造成的影响以及产生心理虐待的原因,并分析了从家庭、学校和社会层面该如何对心理虐待进行干预。从国外干预经验来看,实施父母教养计划、进行社区监管防控以及完善儿童福利机构职责是目前我国实施干预方式的重要方向,也是未来大量实证研究的焦点所在。
Abstract: Psychological maltreatment of children in the family environment is characterized by the care-giver as both a potential provider of comfort and a producer of threat and pain. This paper ex-pounds the influence of psychological maltreatment on children’s cognition, emotion and behavior under family relationship and the causes of psychological maltreatment, and analyzes how to intervene psychological maltreatment in family, school and society. From the perspective of foreign intervention experience, the implementation of parenting plans, community supervision, prevention and control, and the improvement of the responsibilities of child welfare institutions are the important directions of the implementation of intervention in China, and the focus of a large number of empirical studies in the future.
文章引用:杨娅, 曹晓君 (2021). 家庭关系中的儿童心理虐待. 心理学进展, 11(7), 1699-1714. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2021.117190

参考文献

[1] 刘文, 刘娟(2015). 不同弹性受心理虐待儿童的社会关系认知. 首都师范大学学报: 社会科学版, (2), 150-156.
[2] 陆凤英, 汤永隆, 谢琼霜, 邓雅(2015). 儿童虐待与自我效能感: 自我概念的中介. 西南大学学报(自然科学版), 37(4), 73-77.
[3] 潘辰(2010). 儿童心理虐待量表修订及流行病学调查. 博士学位论文, 长沙: 中南大学.
[4] 于增艳, 赵阿勐, 刘爱书(2017). 儿童期受虐经历与抑郁的元分析. 心理学报, 49(1), 40-49.
[5] 张道龙, 等 (译) (2014). 精神疾病的诊断和统计手册(案头参考书) (第五版). 北京: 北京大学出版社. (美国精神医学学会)
[6] 周菡, 余思, 刘勤学, 张微(2019). 儿童心理虐待与忽视和自杀意念的关系: 有调节的中介模型. 心理科学, 42(2), 81-88.
[7] Adjorlolo, S., Adu-Poku, S., Andoh-Arthur, J., Botchway, I., & Mlyakado, B. P. (2017). Demographic Factors, Childhood Maltreatment and Psychological Functioning among University Students’ in Ghana: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Psychology, 52, 9-17.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Altafim, E. R. P., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2016). Universal Violence and Child Maltreatment Prevention Programs for Parents: A Systematic Review. Psychosocial Intervention, 25, 27-38.[CrossRef
[9] Arruabarrena, I., & De Paúl, J. (2012). Early Intervention Programs for Children and Families: Theoretical and Empirical Bases Supporting Their Social and Economic Efficiency. Psychosocial Intervention, 21, 117-127.[CrossRef
[10] Arslan, G. (2016). Psychological Maltreatment, Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Resilience and Self-Esteem. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 200-209.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Arslan, G. (2017). Psychological Maltreatment, Forgiveness, Mindfulness, and Internet Addiction among Young Adults: A Study of Mediation Effect. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 57-66.[CrossRef
[12] Baker, A. J. L., & Eichler, A. (2014). College Student Childhood Exposure to Parental Loyalty Conflicts. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 95, 59-66.[CrossRef
[13] Baker, A. J. L., & Ben-Ami, N. (2011). To Turn a Child against a Parent Is to Turn a Child against Himself: The Direct and Indirect Effects of Exposure to Parental Alienation Strategies on Self-Esteem and Well-Being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 52, 472-489.[CrossRef
[14] Baker, A. J. L., & Brassard, M. R. (2013). Adolescents Caught in Parental Loyalty Conflicts. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 54, 393-413.[CrossRef
[15] Baker, A. J. L., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2015). Parental Bonding and Parental Alienation as Correlates of Psychological Maltreatment in Adults in Intact and Non-Intact Families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3047-3057.[CrossRef
[16] Baugerud, G. A., Howe, M. L., Magnussen, S., & Melinder, A. (2016). Maltreated and Non-Maltreated Children’s True and False Memories of Neutral and Emotional Word Lists in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott Task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 143, 102-110.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Begle, A. M., & Dumas, J. E. (2011). Child and Parental Outcomes Following Involvement in a Preventive Intervention: Efficacy of the PACE Program. Journal of Primary Prevention, 32, 67-81.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Ben-Ami, N., & Baker, A. J. (2012). The Long-Term Correlates of Childhood Exposure to Parental Alienation on Adult Self-Sufficiency and Well-Being. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 40, 169-183.[CrossRef
[19] Bernet, W., Baker, A. J., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2015). Symptom Checklist-90-Revised Scores in Adult Children Exposed to Alienating Behaviors: An Italian Sample. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 60, 357-362.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Bernet, W., Wamboldt, M. Z., & Narrow, W. E. (2016). Child Af-fected by Parental Relationship Distress. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 571-579.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Black, D. A., Slep, A. M. S., & Heyman, R. E. (2001). Risk Factors for Child Psychological Abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 189-201.[CrossRef
[22] Bøe, T., Sivertsen, B., Heiervang, E., Goodman, R., Lundervold, A. J., & Hysing, M. (2014). Socioeconomic Status and Child Mental Health: The Role of Parental Emotional Well-Being and Parenting Practices. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 705-715.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Bond, R. M., & Bushman, B. J. (2017). The Contagious Spread of Violence through Social Networks in US Adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 288-294.[CrossRef
[24] Cheng, H., Liu, A., & Wu, H. (2018). Mediating Effect of Self-Concealment on Relationship between Psychological Abuseand Loneliness in High School Students. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 32, 432-436.
[25] Coates, A. A., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2014). A Structural Model of Mechanisms Predicting Depressive Symptoms in Women Following Childhood Psychological Maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 103-113.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Conner, N. W., & Fraser, M. W. (2011). Preschool So-cial-Emotional Skills Training: A Controlled Pilot Test of the Making Choices and Strong Families Programs. Research on Social Work Practice, 21, 699-711.[CrossRef
[27] Costa, B. M., Kaestle, C. E., Walker, A., Curtis, A., Day, A., Toumbourou, J. W., & Miller, P. (2015). Longitudinal Predictors of Domestic Violence Perpetration and Victimization: A Systematic Review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 261-272.[CrossRef
[28] Coulter, M. L., & Mercado-Crespo, M. C. (2015). Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence and Child Maltreatment: Service Providers’ Perceptions. Journal of Family Violence, 30, 255-262.[CrossRef
[29] Daro, D., & Dodge, K. A. (2009). Creating Community Responsibility for Child Protection: Possibilities and Challenges. The Future of Children/Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 19, 67-93.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2003). A Biopsychosocial Model of the Development of Chronic Conduct Problems in Adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 349.[CrossRef
[31] Espelage, D. L., Low, S., Rao, M. A., Hong, J. S., & Little, T. D. (2014). Family Violence, Bullying, Fighting, and Substance Use among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Mediational Model. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24, 337-349.[CrossRef
[32] Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Marks, J. S. et al. (2019). Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56, 774-786.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Fleming, P. J., McCleary-Sills, J., Morton, M., Levtov, R., Heilman, B., & Barker, G. (2015). Risk Factors for Men’s Lifetime Perpetration of Physical Violence against Intimate Partners: Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) in Eight Countries. PLoS ONE, 10, e0118639.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Fluharty, M., Taylor, A. E., Grabski, M., & Munafò, M. R. (2016). The Association of Cigarette Smoking with Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19, 3-13.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Fujiwara, T., Kato, N., & Sanders, M. R. (2011). Effectiveness of Group Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) in Changing Child Behavior, Parenting Style, and Parental Adjustment: An Intervention Study in Japan. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 804-813.[CrossRef
[36] Heinrichs, N., Kliem, S., & Hahlweg, K. (2014). Four-Year Fol-low-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Triple P Group for Parent and Child Outcomes. Prevention Science, 15, 233-245.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Heise, L., Pallitto, C., García-Moreno, C., & Clark, C. J. (2019). Measuring Psychological Maltreatment by Intimate Partners: Constructing a Cross-Cultural Indicator for the Sustainable Development Goals. SSM-Population Health, 9, Article ID: 100377.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J., Van der Put, C. E., Dubas, J. S., Van der Laan, P. H., & Gerris, J. R. (2012). A Meta-Analysis of Attachment to Parents and Delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 771-785.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Hong, J. S., Lee, N. Y., Park, H. J., & Faller, K. C. (2011). Child Maltreatment in South Korea: An Ecological Systems Analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 1058-1066.[CrossRef
[40] Infurna, M. R., Reichl, C., Parzer, P., Schimmenti, A., Bifulco, A., & Kaess, M. (2016). Associations between Depression and Specific Childhood Experiences of Abuse and Neglect: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 47-55.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] Jolliffe, D., Farrington, D. P., Piquero, A. R., Loeber, R., & Hill, K. G. (2017). Systematic Review of Early Risk Factors for Life-Course-Persistent, Adolescence-Limited, and Late-Onset Offenders in Prospective Longitudinal Studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 33, 15-23.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Katz, I., Shang, X.-Y., & Zhang, Y.-H. (2011). Missing Elements of a Child Protection System in China: The Case of LX. Social Policy and Society, 10, 93-102.[CrossRef
[43] Khamis, V. (2000). Child Psychological Maltreatment in Palestinian Families. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1047-1059.[CrossRef
[44] Knerr, W., Gardner, F., & Cluver, L. (2011). Parenting and the Prevention of Child Maltreatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Interventions and a Discussion of Prevention of the Risks of Future Violent Behaviour among Boys. Pretoria: Sexual Violence Research Initiative, Medical Research Council, and the Oak Foundation.
[45] Knerr, W., Gardner, F., & Cluver, L. (2013). Improving Positive Parenting Skills and Reducing Harsh and Abusive Parenting in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Prevention Science, 14, 352-363.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] Knox, M., & Burkhart, K. (2014). A Multi-Site Study of the ACT Raising Safe Kids Program: Predictors of Outcomes and Attrition. Children and Youth Services Review, 39, 20-24.[CrossRef
[47] Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., & Markos, A. (2014). Cyber-Bullying: An Investigation of the Psychological Profile of University Student Participants. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35, 204-214.[CrossRef
[48] Labella, M. H., & Masten, A. S. (2018). Family Influences on the Development of Aggression and Violence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 11-16.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] Lam, W. K., Fals-Stewart, W., & Kelley, M. L. (2009). Parent Training with Behavioral Couples Therapy for Fathers’ Alcohol Abuse: Effects on Substance Use, Parental Relationship, Parenting, and CPS Involvement. Child Maltreatment, 14, 243-254.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Langevin, R., Hébert, M., & Cossette, L. (2015). Emotion Regulation as a Mediator of the Relation between Sexual Abuse and Behavior Problems in Preschoolers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 16-26.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Lei, J., Cai, T., Brown, L., & Lu, W. (2019). A Pilot Project Using a Community Approach to Support Child Protection Services in China. Children and Youth Services Review, 104, Article ID: 104414.[CrossRef
[52] Li, M., D’arcy, C., & Meng, X. (2016). Maltreatment in Childhood Substantially Increases the Risk of Adult Depression and Anxiety in Prospective Cohort Studies: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Proportional Attributable Fractions. Psychological Medicine, 46, 717-730.[CrossRef
[53] Lowell, A., Renk, K., & Adgate, A. H. (2014). The Role of Attachment in the Relationship between Child Maltreatment and Later Emotional and Behavioral Functioning. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 1436-1449.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[54] Lunkenheimer, E., Busuito, A., Brown, K. M., Panlilio, C., & Skowron, E. A. (2019). The Interpersonal Neurobiology of Child Maltreatment: Parasympathetic Substrates of Interactive Repair in Maltreating and Normal Treating Mother-Child Dyads. Child Maltreatment.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Luo, S., Liu, Y., & Zhang, D. (2020). Psychological Maltreatment and Loneliness in Chinese Children: The Role of Perceived Social Support and Self-Esteem. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, Article ID: 104573.[CrossRef
[56] Maalouf, W., & Campello, G. (2014). The Influence of Family Skills Programmes on Violence Indicators: Experience from a Multi-Site Project of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in Low and Middle Income Countries. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 616-624.[CrossRef
[57] Meyers, A. (2014). A Call to Child Welfare: Protect Children from Sibling Abuse. Qualitative Social Work, 13, 654-670.[CrossRef
[58] Neger, E. N., & Prinz, R. J. (2015). Interventions to Address Parenting and Parental Substance Abuse: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Clinical Psychology Review, 39, 71-82.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Noll, J. G., Susman, E. J., Carmody, K. A., & Reader, J. M. (2018). The Policy and Practice Implications of Child Maltreatment Research: The Legacy of Penelope. In K. Trickett (Ed.), Child Maltreatment Research, Policy, and Practice (pp. 91-102). Cham: Springer.[CrossRef
[60] Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The Long-Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Neglect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9, e1001349.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] O’Mahen, H. A., Karl, A., Moberly, N., & Fedock, G. (2015). The Association between Childhood Maltreatment and Emotion Regulation: Two Different Mechanisms Contributing to Depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 287-295.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[62] Paul, E., & Eckenrode, J. (2015). Childhood Psychological Maltreatment Subtypes and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 47, 38-47.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Reiss, F. (2013). Socioeconomic Inequalities and Mental Health Problems in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Social Science & Medicine, 90, 24-31.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] Reynolds, A. J., & Robertson, D. L. (2003). School-Based Early Intervention and Later Child Maltreatment in the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 74, 3-26.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[65] Richardson, G. E. (2002). The Metatheory of Resilience and Resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307-321.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[66] Salazar, A. M., Haggerty, K. P., de Haan, B., Catalano, R. F., Vann, T., Vinson, J., & Lansing, M. (2016). Using Communities That Care for Community Child Maltreatment Prevention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86, 144.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[67] Shang, X.-Y., Saldov, M., & Fisher, K. (2010). Informal Kinship Care of Orphans in Rural China. Social Policy and Society, 10, 103-116.[CrossRef
[68] Spinazzola, J., Ford, J. D., Zucker, M., van der Kolk, B. A., Silva, S., Smith, S. F., & Blaustein, M. (2017). Survey Evaluates: Complex Trauma Exposure, Outcome, and Intervention among Children and Adolescents. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 433-439.[CrossRef
[69] Stith, S. M., Liu, T., Davies, L. C., Boykin, E. L., Alder, M. C., Harris, J. M., Dees, J. E. M. E. G. et al. (2009). Risk Factors in Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 13-29.[CrossRef
[70] Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (1997). Trauma and Transformation: Growing in the Aftermath of Suffering. Psyccritiques, 42, 172-173.[CrossRef
[71] Tippett, N., & Wolke, D. (2015). Aggression between Siblings: Associations with the Home Environment and Peer Bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 14-24.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[72] Vajda, A., & Láng, A. (2014). Emotional Abuse, Neglect in Eating Disorders and Their Relationship with Emotion Regulation. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 131, 386-390.[CrossRef
[73] Verrocchio, M. C., Baker, A. J., & Bernet, W. (2016). Associations between Exposure to Alienating Behaviors, Anxiety, and Depression in an Italian Sample of Adults. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61, 692-698.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[74] Wang, M., & Liu, L. (2014). Parental Harsh Discipline in Mainland China: Prevalence, Frequency, and Coexistence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 1128-1137.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[75] Wozencraft, T. A., Tauzin, M., & Romero, L. (2019). The Relationship between Psychological Functioning in a College Sample and Retrospective Reports of Parental Loyalty Conflicts and Psychological Maltreatment. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 60, 104-116.[CrossRef
[76] Zale, E. L., Maisto, S. A., & Ditre, J. W. (2016). Anxiety and Depression in Bidirectional Relations between Pain and Smoking: Implications for Smoking Cessation. Behavior Modification, 40, 7-28.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[77] Zhang, W., Ma, Y., & Chen, J. (2016). Child Psychological Maltreatment and Its Correlated Factors in Chinese Families. Social Work in Public Health, 31, 204-214.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[78] Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Webb, H. J., Pepping, C. A., Swan, K., Merlo, O., Skinner, E. A., Dunbar, M. et al. (2017). Is Parent-Child Attachment a Correlate of Children’s Emotion Regulation and Coping? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41, 74-93.[CrossRef