人性之“伪”：《庄子》、《荀子》的不同价值取向

The “Wei” of Human Nature: Different Value Orientations of Zhuangzi and Xunzi

摘要: 以“伪”来考察人性并由此展开对社会历史观的探析是先秦哲学的重要思路。提到“伪”大家更多关注到荀子的“化性起伪”，而庄子哲学中的“伪”往往被忽视。两人对“伪”字的解释突破了历史的局限，并赋予“伪”全新的“人为”含义。《庄子》将“虚伪”和“人为”紧密相连，重点在于突出“伪”的虚伪特性，而《荀子》特别注重“伪”的“人为”内涵。基于“伪”两者展开的人性论和社会政治思想学说表现出截然相反的解释学方向，从而导致完全不同的价值取向。《庄子》强调“伪”与“道”背离而《荀子》强调“伪”和“性”的不同；庄子强调回归自然本性而荀子从“伪”约束“性”走上隆礼重法的道路；通过对“伪”的诠释，庄子最终追求绝对的精神自由而荀子由此走上了改变人性的社会治理之路。一个“伪”字，充分展现了两人哲学观的不同，两者对“伪”的不同诠释对我们当今社会有着十分重要的借鉴意义。

Abstract: It is an important train of thought of Pre-Qin Philosophy to study human nature through “wei” and thus to explore social and historical view. When it comes to “wei”, people only pay attention to Xunzi’s “Change innate nature through man-made”, while the “wei” in Zhuangzi’s philosophy is often ignored. Their interpretation of the word “wei” broke through the historical limitations and endowed the word “wei” with a new meaning of “man-made”. Zhuangzi connects “hypocrisy” and “man-made” closely, focusing on the hypocrisy of “wei”. Xunzi paid special attention to the “man-made” connotation of “wei”. As a result, the theories of human nature and social politics developed by them show opposite directions of hermeneutics, which leads to opposite value orientations. Zhuangzi emphasized the divergence between “wei” and “Tao” while Xunzi emphasized the difference between “wei” and “nature”. Zhuangzi emphasized the return to nature while Xunzi restrained nature from “wei” and embarked on the road of paying attention to etiquette and law. Through the interpretation of “wei”, Zhuangzi finally pursued absolute spiritual freedom while Xunzi thus embarked on the road of social governance that changed human nature. A “wei” word, fully shows two people different philosophy views, their different interpretations of “wei” have great significance to our present society.