基于系统功能语言学生态话语中狼的身份建构研究

A Systemic Functional Study on Identity Construction of Wolves in Ecological Discourse

摘要: 生态话语对濒危动物身份的建构影响着读者的态度和行为，进而影响到生态环境的保护。而国内外对可能造成人身财产威胁的狼的身份研究不足。鉴于此，本文以和谐共生的生态哲学观为指导，在系统功能语言学的视角下，从语域、语义和词汇语法层分析美国鱼类及野生动物管理局(U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service)新闻报道中狼的身份建构问题及其目的。研究发现，在语域层语场方面，狼濒临灭绝的原因被模糊化，对狼濒危的处境描述不够具体。从词汇层面来说，通过选择物体相关的名词、动词和形容词将狼建构成被利用者和隐性的破坏者的身份。狼在小句经验意义的表达中承担受事、拥有物等角色，被建构成被利用者、受监护者、被管理者、受保护者的身份。在被动语态的小句中，狼承担受事的角色，被建构成弱小的受害者和隐晦的破坏者的身份。此外，需要注意的是语篇中也存在一些词汇和语法隐喻式的表达也有助于将狼建构成隐性的受害者和破坏者的身份。对狼建构这些身份的目的在于一方面掩盖了人类对狼的生存造成的威胁。另一方面，可以减少利益相关者与狼的冲突，有利于保护狼。然而，在宣扬保护狼的同时，这些身份的建构也暴露出了人与自然对立的生态观，狼被看作是一种有利用价值的资源，这样的话语不利于保护生态环境。

Abstract: The identity construction of endangered animals in ecological discourse affects readers’ attitudes and behaviors, and in turn influences the protection of the ecological environment. However, there aren’t many studies on the identity of wolves that may pose threats to people’s safety and property at home and abroad. Therefore, under the guide of harmonious ecological philosophy and from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics, the article analyzes the news reports of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service from register, semantics and lexicogrammar in order to explore constructed identities of wolves and the purposes. The research finds that in terms of the field in the register level, the reasons why wolves are endangered are blurred, and the description of the endangered situation of the wolves is not specific enough. From the vocabulary level, by choosing nouns, verbs and adjectives related to objects, the news reports construct the wolf as the identity of the exploited and the hidden destroyer. The wolf assumes the role of the affected and the possessed in the expression of the experiential meaning of the clause, and is constructed the identity of the exploited, guarded, managed, and protected identity. In the passive voice clauses, the wolves assume the role of the affected and are constructed as weak victims and veiled destroyers. In addition, it should be noted that there are also some vocabulary and grammatical metaphorical expressions in the discourses, which also help to establish the identity of the wolf as a hidden victim and destroyer. One of the purposes is to conceal the threat that humans pose to the survival of wolves. On the other hand, it can reduce the conflict between stakeholders and wolves, which is good to protect wolves. However, while proposing to protect wolves, the construction of these identities also exposes the ecological view of the opposition between man and nature. Wolves are regarded as a valuable resource. Such discourse is not conducive to protecting the ecological environment.