膀胱癌与代谢综合征的相关性研究
Study on the Correlation between Bladder Cancer and Metabolic Syndrome
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.119587, PDF,   
作者: 许年彪:青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁;陈国俊:青海大学附属医院,青海 西宁
关键词: 代谢综合征膀胱癌Metabolic Syndrome (MS) Bladder Cancer
摘要: 代谢综合征(Metabolic syndrome, MS)是一组与胰岛素抵抗相关的因素,包括肥胖、糖耐量受损、血脂异常和高血压,并且一直与心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的风险增加有关,最近还与某些部位的癌症风险增加有关。最近关于代谢综合征(MetS)与癌症关系的最新研究认为代谢综合征(MetS)在癌变过程中扮演着重要作用。越来越多的证据显示,代谢综合征(Mets)与膀胱癌的风险增加有关。本文着重阐述代谢综合征(MetS)与膀胱癌的关系。
Abstract: Metabolic syndrome is a group of factors associated with insulin resistance, including obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure, and has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and more recently with an increased risk of cancer in certain sites. Recent studies on the relationship between MS and cancer suggest that MS plays an important role in the development of cancer. There is growing evidence that MS is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. This article focuses on the relationship between MS and bladder cancer.
文章引用:许年彪, 陈国俊. 膀胱癌与代谢综合征的相关性研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(9): 4025-4033. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.119587

参考文献

[1] Esposito, K., Capuano, A. and Giugliano, D. (2014) Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer: Holistic or Reductionist? Endocrine, 45, 362-364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Brooks, N.A., Kokorovic, A., Xiao, L., Matulay, J.T., Li, R., Ranasinghe, W.K., et al. (2020) The Obesity Paradox: Defining the Impact of Body Mass Index and Diabetes Mellitus for Patients with Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. BJU International, 128, 65-71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Turner, R.M., Kwok, C.S., Chen-Turner, C., Maduakor, C.A., Singh, S. and Loke, Y.K. (2014) Thiazolidinediones and Associated Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 78, 258-273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Newton, C.C., Gapstur, S.M., Campbell, P.T. and Jacobs, E.J. (2013) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Use and Risk of Bladder Cancer in a Large Cohort Study. International Journal of Cancer, 132, 2186-2191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Malats, N. and Real, F.X. (2015) Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 29, 177-189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Tseng, C.H. (2012) Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer in Human Studies: Is It Diabetes Itself, Diabetes Drugs, Flawed Analyses or Different Ethnicities? Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 111, 123-131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Tang, H., Shi, W., Fu, S., Wang, T., Zhai, S., Song, Y., et al. (2018) Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Medicine, 7, 1070-1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Tai, Y.S., Chen, C.H., Huang, C.Y., Tai, H.-C., Wang, S.-M., and Pu, Y.-S. (2015) Diabetes Mellitus with Poor Glycemic Control Increases Bladder Cancer Recurrence Risk in Patients with Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 31, 307-314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Grossman, E., Messerli, F.H., Boyko, V. and Goldbourt, U. (2002) Is There an Association between Hypertension and Cancer Mortality? American Journal of Medicine, 112, 479-486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[10] Larsson, S.C., Andersson, S.O., Ohansson, J.E. and Wolk, A. (2008) Diabetes Mellitus, Body Size and Bladder Cancer Risk in a Prospective Study of Swedish Men. European Journal of Cancer, 44, 2655-2660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Huang, W.L., Huang, K.H., Huang, C.Y., Pu, Y.-S., Chang, H.-C. and Chow, P.-M. (2020) Effect of Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Control on the Prognosis of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Study. BMC Urology, 20, Article No. 117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Chestnut, C., Smelser, W., Dum, T., Bechtel, M., Hand, L., Michel, C., et al. (2020) Glycemic Impact of a Diet and Lifestyle Intervention on Diabetics and Prediabetics during Treatment for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 72, 1219-1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Jiang, X., Castelao, J.E., Yuan, J.M., Groshen, S., Stern, M.C., Conti, D.V., et al. (2010) Hypertension, Diuretics and Antihypertensives in Relation to Bladder Cancer. Carcinogenesis, 31, 1964-1971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Yu, H., Hemminki, O., Försti, A., Sundquist, K. and Hemminki, K. (2018) Familial Urinary Bladder Cancer with Other Cancers. European Urology Oncology, 1, 461-466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Friedenreich, C.M., Ryder-Burbidge, C. and Mcneil, J. (2021) Physical Activity, Obesity and Sedentary Behavior in Cancer Etiology: Epidemiologic Evidence and Biologic Mechanisms. Molecular Oncology, 15, 790-800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Amara, C.S., Vantaku, V., Lotan, Y. and Putluri, N. (2019) Recent Advances in the Metabolomic Study of Bladder Cancer. Expert Review of Proteomics, 16, 315-324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Wigner, P., Grębowski, R., Bijak, M., Saluk-Bijak, J. and Szemraj, J. (2021) The Interplay between Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Bladder Cancer Development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article No. 4483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Xie, Y., Xu, P., Wang, M., Zheng, Y., Tian, T., Yang, S., et al. (2020) Antihypertensive Medications Are Associated with the Risk of Kidney and Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aging, 12, 1545-1562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Tuccori, M., Filion, K.B., Yin, H., Yu, O.H., Platt, R.W. and Azoulay, L. (2016) Pioglitazone Use and Risk of Bladder Cancer: Population Based Cohort Study. BMJ, 352, Article No. i1541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Wang, Q., Zhang, T., Wu, J., Wen, J., Tao, D., Wan, T., et al. (2019) Prognosis and Risk Factors of Patients with Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma and Postoperative Recurrence of Bladder Cancer in Central China. BMC Urology, 19, Article No. 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Lewis, J.D., Habel, L., Quesenberry, C., Mamtani, R., Peng, T., Bilker, W.B., et al. (2014) Proteinuria Testing among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Bladder Cancer Diagnosis: Potential for Unmeasured Confounding in Studies of Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 23, 636-645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Zhao, L., Tian, X., Duan, X., Ye, Y., Sun, M. and Huang, J. (2017) Association of Body Mass Index with Bladder Cancer Risk: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Oncotarget, 8, 33990-34000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Xu, X., Zhou, L., Miao, R., Chen, W., Zhou, Y., Pang, Q., et al. (2016) Association of Cancer Mortality with Postdiagnosis Overweight and Obesity Using Body Mass Index. Oncotarget, 7, 5023-5029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Choi, J.B., Kim, J.H., Hong, S., Han, K.-D. and Ha, U.-S. (2019) Association of Body Mass Index with Bladder Cancer Risk in Men Depends on Abdominal Obesity. World Journal of Urology, 37, 2393-2400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Choi, J.B., Lee, E.J., Han, K., Hong, S.-H. and Ha, U.-S. (2018) Estimating the Impact of Body Mass Index on Bladder Cancer Risk: Stratification by Smoking Status. Scientific Reports, 8, Article No. 947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Lin, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, Q., Jin, H., Ma, G., Liu, H., et al. (2018) Association between Obesity and Bladder Cancer Recurrence: A Meta-Analysis. Clinica Chimica Acta, 480, 41-46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Noguchi, J.L., Liss, M.A. and Parsons, J.K. (2015) Obesity, Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer. Current Urology Reports, 16, Article No. 74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Shi, J., Zhao, L., Gao, Y., Niu, M., Yan, M., Chen, Y., et al. (2021) Associating the Risk of Three Urinary Cancers with Obesity and Overweight: An Overview with Evidence Mapping of Systematic Reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10, Article No. 58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Chu, K.F., Rotker, K. and Ellsworth, P. (2013) The Impact of Obesity on Benign and Malignant Urologic Conditions. Postgraduate Medicine, 125, 53-69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Dabi, Y., Rouscoff, Y., Anract, J., Delongchamps, N.B., Sibony, M., Saighi, D., et al. (2017) Impact of Body Mass Index on the Oncological Outcomes of Patients Treated with Radical Cystectomy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. World Journal of Urology, 35, 229-235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Jee, S.H., Yun, J.E., Park, E.J., Cho, E.R., Park, I.S., Sull, J.W., Ohrr, H. and Samet, J.M. (2008) Body Mass Index and Cancer Risk in Korean Men and Women. The International Journal of Cancer, 123, 1892-1896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Ahn, J.H., Jung, S.I., Yim, S.U., Kim, S.W., Hwang, E.C. and Kwon, D.D. (2016) Impact of Glycemic Control and Metformin Use on the Recurrence and Progression of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 31, 1464-1471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Cantiello, F., Cicione, A., Salonia, A., Autorino, R., De Nunzio, C., Briganti, A., et al. (2015) Association between Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus and Oncological Outcomes of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Urology, 22, 22-32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Cresswell, J. (2013) Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Not Just a Coincidence? BJU International, 112, 1055-1056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Parra-Soto, S., Cowley, E.S., Rezende, L.F.M., Ferreccio, C., Mathers, J.C., Pell, J.P., et al. (2021) Associations of Six Adiposity-Related Markers with Incidence and Mortality from 24 Cancers—Findings from the UK Biobank Prospective Cohort Study. BMC Medicine, 19, Article No. 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Batty, G.D., Shipley, M.J., Jarrett, R.J., Breeze, E., Marmot, M.G. and Smith, G.D. (2005) Obesity and Overweight in Relation to Organ-Specific Cancer Mortality in London (UK): Findings from the Original Whitehall Study. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 1267-1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Sørensen, K.K., Jensen, B.W., Thomas, P.E., Madsen, K., Eriksson, F., Aarestrup, J., et al. (2020) Early Life Body Size and Its Associations with Adult Bladder Cancer. Annals of Human Biology, 47, 166-172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Huynh, M.J., Wang, Y., Chang, S.L., Tully, K.H., Chung, B.I., Wright, J.L., et al. (2020) The Cost of Obesity in Radical Cystectomy. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 38, 932-939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Rezaei, F., Tabatabaee, H., Rahmanian, V., Mirahmadizadeh, A. and Hassanipour, S. (2019) The Correlation between Bladder Cancer and Obesity, Overweight, Physical Inactivity, and Tobacco Use: An Ecological Study in Asian Countries. Annals of Global Health, 85, Article No. 102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Sanchez, A., Kissel, S., Coletta, A., Scott, J. and Furberg, H. (2020) Impact of Body Size and Body Composition on Bladder Cancer Outcomes: Risk Stratification and Opportunity for Novel Interventions. Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 38, 713-718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] Wade, K.H., Carslake, D., Sattar, N., Smith, Davey, G. and Timpson, N.J. (2018) BMI and Mortality in UK Biobank: Revised Estimates Using Mendelian Randomization. Obesity, 26, 1796-1806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Aarestrup, J., Bjerregaard, L.G., Meyle, K.D., Pedersen, D.C., Gjærde, L.K., Jensen, B.W., et al. (2020) Birthweight, Childhood Overweight, Height and Growth and Adult Cancer Risks: A Review of Studies Using the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. International Journal of Obesity, 44, 1546-1560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] 肖荣, 于佳, 徐建华, 杨元强. 膀胱癌分期分级与代谢综合征及组分的相关性研究[J]. 临床医药文献电子杂志, 2019, 6(39): 17-18.
[44] De Ridder, J., Julián-Almárcegui, C., Mullee, A., Rinaldi, S., Van Herck, K., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., et al. (2016) Comparison of Anthropometric Measurements of Adiposity in Relation to Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies. Cancer Causes & Control, 27, 291-300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Fang, H., Yao, B., Yan, Y., Xu, H., Liu, Y., Tang, H., et al. (2013) Diabetes Mellitus Increases the Risk of Bladder Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 15, 914-922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] Gild, P., Ehdaie, B. and Kluth, L.A. (2017) Effect of Obesity on Bladder Cancer and Renal Cell Carcinoma Incidence and Survival. Current Opinion in Urology, 27, 409-414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[47] Teleka, S., Jochems, S.H.J., Häggström, C., Wood, A.M., Järvholm, B., Orho-Melander, M., et al. (2021) Association between Blood Pressure and BMI with Bladder Cancer Risk and Mortality in 340,000 Men in Three Swedish Cohorts. Cancer Medicine, 10, 1431-1438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Davidson, M.B. (2016) Pioglitazone (Actos) and Bladder Cancer: Legal System Triumphs over the Evidence. J Diabetes Complications, 30, 981-985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] Zhu, Z., Zhang, X., Shen, Z., Zhong, S., Wang, X., Lu, Y., et al. (2013) Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. PLoS ONE, 8, e56662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Wang, M., Yang, Y. and Liao, Z. (2020) Diabetes and Cancer: Epidemiological and Biological Links. World Journal of Diabetes, 11, 227-238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Dąbrowski, M. (2021) Diabetes, Antidiabetic Medications and Cancer Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on SGLT-2 Inhibitors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article No. 1680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] Lundberg, E., Hagberg, O., Jahnson, S. and Ljungberg, B. (2019) Association between Occurrence of Urinary Bladder Cancer and Treatment with Statin Medication. Turkish Journal of Urology, 45, 97-102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[53] Goossens, M.E., Zeegers, M.P., Bazelier, M.T., De Bruin, M.L., Buntinx, F. and de Vries, F. (2015) Risk of Bladder Cancer in Patients with Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study. BMJ Open, 5, Article No. e7470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[54] Gupta, S., Gupta, K., Ravi, R., Mehta, V., Banerjee, S., Joshi, S., et al. (2015) Pioglitazone and the Risk of Bladder Cancer: An Indian Retrospective Cohort Study. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 19, 639-643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Han, E., Jang, S.Y., Kim, G., Lee, Y.-H., Choe, E.Y., Nam, C., et al. (2016) Rosiglitazone Use and the Risk of Bladder Cancer in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Medicine, 95, Article No. e2786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[56] Xu, Y., Huo, R., Chen, X. and Yu, X. (2017) Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A PRISMA-Com- pliant Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Medicine, 96, Article No. e8588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[57] Yang, S.L., Wang, J.J., Chen, M., Xu, L., Li, N., Luo, Y.-L., et al. (2018) Pioglitazone Use and Risk of Bladder Cancer: An in Vitro Study. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 15, 228-237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Lin, C., Travis, R.C., Appleby, P.N., Tipper, S., Weiderpass, E., Chang-Claude, J., et al. (2018) Pre-Diagnostic Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Bladder Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. International Journal of Cancer, 143, 2351-2358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Turati, F., Polesel, J., Di Maso, M., Montella, M., Libra, M., Grimaldi, M., et al. (2015) Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Bladder Cancer: An Italian Case-Control Study. British Journal of Cancer, 113, 127-130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[60] Gislefoss, R.E., Stenehjem, J.S., Hektoen, H.H., Andreassen, B.K., Langseth, H., Axcrona K., et al. (2018) Vitamin D, Obesity and Leptin in Relation to Bladder Cancer Incidence and Survival: Prospective Protocol Study. BMJ Open, 8, Article No. e019309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] Nagano, T., Otoshi, T., Hazama, D., Kiriu, T., Umezawa, K., Katsurada, N., et al. (2019) Novel Cancer Therapy Targeting Microbiome. OncoTargets and Therapy, 12, 3619-3624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[62] Ferwana, M., Firwana, B., Hasan, R., Al-Mallah, M.H., Kim, S., Montori, V.M., et al. (2013) Pioglitazone and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Studies. Diabetic Medicine, 30, 1026-1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Evers, J., Grotenhuis, A.J., Aben, K., Kiemeney, L.A. and Vrieling, A. (2020) No Clear Associations of Adult BMI and Diabetes Mellitus with Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Recurrence and Progression. PLoS ONE, 15, e229384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] Larsson, S.C., Orsini, N., Brismar, K. and Wolk, A. (2006) Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Diabetologia, 49, 2819-2823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[65] Hu, J., Chen, J.B., Cui, Y., Zhu, Y.-W., Ren, W.-B., Zhou, X., et al. (2018) Association of Metformin Intake with Bladder Cancer Risk and Oncologic Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine, 97, Article No. e11596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[66] Lewis, J.D., Habel, L.A., Quesenberry, C.P., Strom, B.L., Peng, T., Hedderson, M.M., et al. (2015) Pioglitazone Use and Risk of Bladder Cancer and Other Common Cancers in Persons with Diabetes. JAMA, 314, 265-277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[67] Levin, D., Bell, S., Sund, R., Hartikainen, S.A., Tuomilehto, J., Pukkala, E., et al. (2015) Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Multipopulation Pooled, Cumulative Exposure Analysis. Diabetologia, 58, 493-504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Li, Z., Sun, M., Wang, F., Shi, J. and Wang, K. (2017) Association between Pioglitazone Use and the Risk of Bladder Cancer among Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 55, 210-219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[69] Mackenzie, T., Zens, M.S., Ferrara, A., Schned, A. and Karagas, M.R. (2011) Diabetes and Risk of Bladder Cancer: Evidence from a Case-Control Study in New England. Cancer, 117, 1552-1556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[70] Liu, Y., Wu, X., Wang, G., Hu, S., Zhang, Y. and Zhao, S. (2019) CALD1, CNN1, and TAGLN Identified as Potential Prognostic Molecular Markers of Bladder Cancer by Bioinformatics Analysis. Medicine, 98, e13847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[71] Ng, Y., Husain, I. and Waterfall, N. (2003) Diabetes Mellitus and Bladder Cancer—An Epidemiological Relationship? Pathology Oncology Research, 9, Article No. 30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[72] Zhu, Z., Wang, X., Shen, Z., Lu, Y., Zhong, S. and Chen, X. (2013) Risk of Bladder Cancer in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 36 Observational Studies. BMC Cancer, 13, Article No. 310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[73] Yang, X.Q., Xu, C., Sun, Y. and Han, R.-F. (2013) Diabetes Mellitus Increases the Risk of Bladder Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14, 2583-2589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[74] Xu, X., Wu, J., Mao, Y., Zhu, Y., Hu, Z., Xu, X., et al. (2013) Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. PLoS ONE, 8, e58079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[75] Wei, L., Macdonald, T.M. and Mackenzie, I.S. (2013) Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer: A Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 75, 254-259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[76] Warren, H., Raison, N. and Dasgupta, P. (2016) Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer. BJU International, 118, 16-17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[77] Wang, Z., Ong, W., Tong, S., Sng, J.-H., Mani Lata, R., Mahendran, R., et al. (2020) Beyond Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Metformin in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Singapore Medical Journal. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]