外泌体在组织工程中的研究进展

The Research Progress of Exosomes in Tissue Engineering

摘要: 从细胞释放的外泌体，以膜包围的细胞外囊泡的形式，传递蛋白质和核酸，在细胞间通讯中起着至关重要的作用。外泌体的治疗潜力几乎是无限的，特别是从各种组织细胞中收获的外泌体不会引起宿主自身免疫反应，使得外泌体在组织工程移植手术和移植物抗宿主疾病的治疗中，提供了希望。然而，在移植后，维持外泌体随时间的保留和稳定性是外泌体应用的主要挑战。将基于外泌体的递送与多种组织工程材料相结合，不仅可以将外泌体有效负载，而且能有效的将外泌体持久保留在组织缺损部位，满足外泌体高效的停留和持续释放，并为组织再生提供理想的微环境。开发外泌体与各种形式的组织工程支架为组合的无细胞系统，有望用作生物实体，潜在地促进新的生物功能支架的开发，为组织再生提供了有希望的策略。

Abstract: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles surrounded by membrane released by nearly all cell types. It has been demonstrated that exosomes transfer proteins and nucleic acids via their cargo and play a critical role in intracellular communication. Exosomes are almost universal and exosomes harvested from all tissues and cells do not induce autoimmune responses, offering a promising therapeutic option in tissue engineering transplant surgery and the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. However, the main challenge for exosomes application is the maintenance of efficiency and stability of exosomes after transplantation in vivo. The combination of exosomes delivery and tissue engineering based materials can not only carry exosomes, but also effectively retain exosomes in the defect sites of tissue and release for a long time, which provide an ideal microenvironment for tissue regeneration. The development of cell-free systems combining exosomes with various forms of tissue-engineered scaffolds is expected to be used as biological entities, promoting the development of new biofunctional scaffolds and providing promising strategies for tissue regeneration.