扬州方言“到”的语法化

Grammaticalization of Dao (到) in Yangzhou Dialect

摘要: 扬州方言“到”具有三种性质：动词“到₁”、介词“到₂”和助词“到₃”。用作虚词的“到₂”和“到₃”都源于动词“到₁”的语法化，“到₁”发展出结果补语的用法为动词虚化创造了条件，“到₂”和“到₃”功能的实现都依赖“V + 到 + (O)”的句法环境。“到₃”有持续体标记、方式标记和语气标记三种功能，其中持续体标记直接来源于“到₁”，另外两种功能是“到₃”由持续体标记进一步发展的结果。

Abstract: The word dao (到) in Yangzhou dialect has three properties marked as dao₁ (到₁), dao₂ (到₂) and dao₃ (到₃). Dao₁ (到₁) is a verb, dao₂ (到₂) is a preposition, dao₃ (到₃) is an auxiliary word. Dao₂ (到₂) and dao₃ (到₃) which serve as function words both derived from the grammaticalization of verb dao1 (到₁). Dao₁ (到₁)’s acquisition of capability of being complement of result creates the conditions for the verb’s grammaticalization, because the use of dao₂ (到₂) and dao₃ (到₃) is based on the syntactic construction “V + dao (到) + (O)”. Dao₃ (到₃) can be used as durative aspect mark, manner mark and modal mark. The function of durative aspect mark is directly extended from the verb dao₁ (到₁), and then develops to the other two functions.