日本女子1500 m跑节奏分配特征研究

Research on Speed Control Features of Japanese Women’s 1500 m Race

摘要: 目的：分析日本女子不同水平选手1500 m速度节奏分配特征，以及影响日本女子不同水平选手1500 m跑节奏特征的机械要因，阐明日本女子选手比赛所面临的挑战。为了解日本女子选手在1500 m跑中节奏分配与战术定位提供理论支撑。方法：采用视频分析法，以2019~2020年度日本全国性大型田径比赛女子1500 m跑决赛前三名选手为研究对象。共计19名选手，将其按照运动等级划分为两组(快组与慢组)，对其速度及各机械变量进行统计分析。结果：1) 快组平均速度快、步频快、步幅长、接地和腾空时间短、重心位移小。2) 各组速度与步频呈显著正相关(快组：r = 0.772，p < 0.01；慢组：r = 0.888，p < 0.01)，与腾空时间(快组：r = −0.673，p < 0.01；慢组：r = −0.851，p < 0.01)、接地时间(快组：r = −0.595，p < 0.05；慢组：r = −0.842，p < 0.01)、重心位移变动(快组：r = −0.788，p < 0.01；r = −0.876，p < 0.01)呈显著负相关。慢组步幅与速度呈显著正相关(r = 0.855，p < 0.01)，快组步幅与速度无显著相关性(r = 0.416，p = 0.123)。3) 日本女子选手1500 m速度分配呈现出“fast-slow-fast-slow”的战略模式。结论：日本女子1500 m跑，快组与慢组速度均表现为途中与冲刺阶段薄弱。因此，维持与提高日本女子途中跑水平和冲刺水平，加强途中步频和冲刺步幅能力对提高日本女子选手运动水平与成绩至关重要。

Abstract: Objectives: To analyze the speed control features of different levels of Japanese women athletes during 1500 m race, explore the mechanical influencing the speed features of different levels of Japanese women athletes during 1500 m race, and clarify the challenges in Japanese women’s running race, so as to provide theoretical support for learning about the tactic selection and speed control of Japanese women athletes in the 1500m race. Methods: By means of video analysis, each of the top three athletes of women’s 1500m race finals of 2019~2020 Japan national large-scale track and field competition from 2019 to 2020 was taken as the research objects, so a total of 19 athletes were collected and divided into two groups (fast group and slow group) according to sport levels, and their speed and various mechanical variables were statistically analyzed. Results: (1) The fast group showed faster average speed and stride frequency, long stride length, contact and flight time, and small displacement of gravity center. (2) In the two groups, the speed was significantly in positive correlation with step frequency (fast group: r = 0.772, p < 0.01; slow group: r = 0.888, p < 0.01), while was significantly in negative correlation with the flight time (fast group: r = −0.673, p < 0.01; slow group: r = −0.851, p < 0.01), contact time (fast group: r = −0.595, p < 0.05; slow group: r = −0.842, p < 0.01), as well as displacement of gravity center (fast group: r = −0.788, p < 0.01; r = −0.876, p < 0.01). The stride length in the slow group was significantly in positive correlation with speed (r = 0.855, p < 0.01), but was not significantly correlated with speed in fast group (r = 0.416, p = 0.123). (3) Japanese women’s speed control in 1500 m race showed a “fast-slow-fast-slow” strategic model. Conclusions: In the Japanese women’s 1500 m race, the speeds of both fast and slow groups are relatively slow in the midway and sprint stages. Therefore, maintaining and improving Japanese women’s midway running and sprint speed, as well as strengthening the midway step frequency and sprint stride are essential to enhance the skill and performance of Japanese women athletes.