新《民诉证据规定》第53条中的释明问题研究——基于100份裁判文书的分析

Study on the Interpretation of Article 53 of the New Civil Litigation Evidence Regulations—Analysis Based on 100 Judgment Documents

摘要: 新《民诉证据规定》第53条中删去了2001年《民诉证据规定》第35条中关于释明的规定，实务中在当事人主张与法院认定不一致的情况下法院向当事人进行释明不再是强制性的，而是由法院自由裁量决定。虽然第53条看似是对释明的否定，但立法者又指出存在释明必要性时，法院可以向当事人行使释明权。第53条中的释明问题实为其在实务适用中的释明问题，包括释明的合法性问题、行使释明权的必要性问题、如何释明的问题等。这些问题有的是在法条修改前就已存在，有的是因法条的修改而产生的。理论上对于释明冲击法官中立原则、是否违背当事人处分原则存在的争议，以及实务中释明的难题等共同导致了法条修改的结果，也是第53条在实务中释明问题产生的原因。要解决第53条中的释明问题，应采取确定释明的法律依据、明确释明的条件、规范释明的方式等具体措施。

Abstract: Article 53 of the New Provisions on Evidence in Civil Litigation is deleted from Article 35 of the Pro-visions on Evidence in Civil Litigation of 2001. In practice, it is no longer mandatory for the court to explain to the litigant when the litigant’s claim is inconsistent with the court’s determination, but is decided at the discretion of the court. Although article 53 seems to be a denial of interpretation, the legislator pointed out that the court may exercise the right of interpretation to the parties when the necessity of interpretation exists. The issue of interpretation in article 53 is actually the issue of in-terpretation in practical application, including the legality of interpretation, the necessity of exer-cising the right of interpretation and how to interpret. Some of these problems existed before the amendment of the law, and some were caused by the amendment of the law. Theoretically, the dis-putes about the impact of interpretation on the principle of neutrality of judges, whether it violates the principle of punishment of parties, and the difficulties of interpretation in practice all lead to the result of the amendment of the law, which is also the reason for the interpretation of article 53 in practice. In order to solve the problem of interpretation in article 53, specific measures should be taken to determine the legal basis of interpretation, clarify the conditions of interpretation, stand-ardize the way of interpretation and so on.