探刘知幾的直笔论

Probe into Zhiji Liu’s Straight Pen Theory

摘要: “秉笔直书”要求史学家能够实事求是地记录历史，客观公正地评价历史人物和事件，要求史学家能够在记载历史的时候，不受任何外部因素的影响，同时，也不要依据自己个人的喜恶去歪曲历史事实。它是历代史学家应该具备的基本素养，也是中国史学家优良传统之一。唐代著名史学大家刘知幾在《史通》当中用“正直”、“良直”、“直词”、“直道”这些概念解释“直书”，并对“直书”与“曲笔”进行了对比和讨论，其信史观和“史才三长”论的提出，更是对我们了解史官文化、历史文化具有非常重要的意义。但刘知幾同时也承认“史氏有事涉君亲，必言多隐讳，虽直道不足，而名教存焉”，其受儒家思想熏陶而不能自拔的情况，跃然纸上。所以，我们对刘知幾的“直笔论”，要辩证地认识和分析，进而才能够真正地懂得学史、治史的目的何在、方法何为。

Abstract: “Bingbi Zhishu” requires historians to be able to record history from facts, objectively and fairly evaluate historical figures and events, requires historians to be able to record history, not affected by any external factors, at the same time, do not distort historical facts according to their own per-sonal likes and dislikes. It is the basic accomplishment that historical historians should have, and also one of the fine traditions of Chinese historians. Famous historical people in tang dynasty Zhi-Tong Liu with “integrity” in the middle of the book “good” straight “a” word “straight” straight these concepts to explain the “truth”, and “truth” and “a distortion of the facts” are compared and discussed, and its history and history of “three long” theory is put forward, but also for us to under-stand historiographer culture, history and culture have very important significance. But at the same time, Zhiji Liu also admitted that “Shi shi has something to do with the emperor and relatives, he must talk a lot of hidden, although the straight path is not enough, but the name of teaching how to save”, it is influenced by Confucianism and unable to extricate themselves, it appears on the pa-per. Therefore, we should dialectically understand and analyze Zhiji Liu’s “straight brush theory”, and then we can really understand the purpose and method of studying history and governing his-tory.