湿地滑雪场的生态影响及监管机制研究

Study on Ecological Impact and Managerial Countermeasures of Wetland Ski Resort

摘要: 近几年，中央政府战略性地将体育和旅游产业放在了更加重要的位置，陆续出台了一系列政策和指导意见，希望二者紧密融合，快速成长为新的国民经济支柱。2016年《国家旅游局国家体育总局关于发力发展体育旅游的指导意见》指出，大力发展体育旅游是丰富旅游产品体系、拓展旅游消费、促进旅游业转型升级的必然要求，是盘活体育资源、实现全民健身和全民健康深度融合、推动体育产业提质增效的必然选择，对于培育经济发展新动能、拓展经济发展新空间具有十分重要的意义。2016年6月15日国务院印发《全民健身计划(2016~2020年)》，提出大力推广普及冰雪运动，利用筹备和举办北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会的契机，实施群众冬季运动推广普及计划。2019年3月31日中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发了《关于以2022年北京冬奥会为契机大力发展冰雪运动的意见》，支持各地结合自然环境、气候条件、社会需求等因素，加强公共滑冰馆、室外滑冰场、滑雪场、综合性冰雪运动中心等场地场所建设。自北京赢得2022年冬奥会举办权以来，国内民众的冬季运动参与量大幅增加，北京奥组委正鼓励境内3亿人参与冬季运动。国家体育总局相关数据显示，2015年全国滑雪场数量为568家，2019年这个数字达到了770家，预计2022年底将达到1000余家。冰雪产业快速发展理想中将为我国深化产业结构调整、推动经济高质量发展以及打造国内国际双循环等一系列战略举措做出积极贡献。但经济的发展往往带来环境问题，滑雪产业的发展也不例外。空气污染、土壤侵蚀、过度用水、污水排放、植被退化、物种的消失是长期以来被观察和记录到的由于建造滑雪场而带来的环境破坏现象。在保证滑雪产业增长势头的同时解决好其发展带来的环境问题，既有现实紧迫性又有长远战略意义。在不断完善相关法律、法规的基础上，加强环境和体育社会组织的联合监管职能，完善和创新生态补偿机制在湿地、草地、林地等体育休闲场地的市场化探索，将为我国冰雪户外运动产业的高质量发展设立新的坐标、注入进的动能。

Abstract: In recent years, the central government has strategically placed the sports and tourism industries in an unprecedented important position, and has successively issued a series of policies and guidance, hoping that the two will be closely integrated and grow rapidly into a new pillar of the national economy. The Guiding Opinions of the National Tourism Administration and the General Administration of Sports on Developing Sports Tourism issued in 2016 pointed out that vigorously developing sports tourism is an inevitable requirement for enriching the tourism product system, expanding tourism consumption, promoting the transformation and upgrading of tourism industry. It is an inevitable choice to revitalize sports resources, realize the deep convergence of national fitness and national health, and promote the quality and efficiency of sports industry. It is of great significance to cultivate new momentum of economic development and expand new space for economic development. On June 15, 2016, the State Council issued the National Fitness Plan (2016-2020), which proposed to promote and popularize winter sports, and to capitalize on pre-paring and hosting the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games & Winter Paralympic Games to implement the mass winter sports promotion and popularization plan. On March 31, 2019, the general office of the CPC Central Committee and the general office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Vigorously Developing Winter Sports by Taking the Opportunity of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games, supporting all localities to strengthen the construction of public skating venues, outdoor skating rinks, ski resorts, winter sports complex centers and other venues in harmony with natural environment, climate conditions, social needs and other factors. Since Beijing won 2022 Winter Olympic bid, the participation of domestic residents in winter sports has increased by 30%. BOCOG is encouraging 300 million people in China to participate in winter sports. According to the data published by the State Administration of Sports, the number of ski resorts in China was 568 in 2015, 770 in 2019 and will be more than 1000 by the end of 2022. Ideally, the rapid development of the winter sports industry will make a positive contribution to a series of national strategic measures such as deepening the adjustment of industrial structure, promoting high-quality economic development and building a “dual circulation” development pattern. However, economic development usually brings environmental problems, and the development of skiing industry is no exception. Air pollution, soil pollution, excessive water use, sewage discharge, vegetation degradation and species disappearance are the environmental damage caused by the construction of ski resort for a long time. Solving the relationship between the development of skiing industry and the environment while ensuring the growth momentum of winter sports industry has both practical urgency and long-term strategic significance. On the basis of continuously improving relevant laws and regulations, strengthening the joint supervision function of environmental and sports social organizations, improving and innovating the marketization of ecological compensation mechanism in terms of outdoor sports venues such as wetlands, grasslands and woodlands will help set new coordinates and bring new energy into the high-quality development of China’s winter sports industry and outdoor sports industry.