从明代内库与皇室财政看明代国运兴衰

Researching the Vicissitudes of the Ming Dynasty on the View of Privy Purse and Royal Finance

摘要: 财政是政府的“理财之政”，它对一国的经济发展和收入分配有着重要影响。皇室财政和国家公共财政两大平行的财政收支体系一直存在于中国封建时代。皇室财政是在封建君主专制的背景下产生的，它对国家财政收支产生了重要影响，与国运兴衰密切相关。明代在中国财政发展史上占据重要地位，一脉继承前朝财政特点又独具特色，同时，明代的历史呈现出错综复杂的多面特征，而明代内库作为传统财政的存储、调度机构，其内部的“公私变化”反映了明代财政的运作情况。本文通过分析明代内库的基本情况，如内库的收支与人员构成，基于不同时期探讨了内库中皇室财政与国家公共财政的地位变化，透过内库演变的视角，理解传统财政的公私走向，也透过该视角，研究皇室财政与一国国运兴衰的关系以及对国运兴衰的影响。

Abstract: Finance is the government’s “financial policy”, which has an important impact on a country’s eco-nomic development and income distribution. The two parallel financial revenue and expenditure systems, including royal finance and national public finance, have always existed in the feudal era of China. Royal finance was produced under the background of feudal monarchy, which had an important impact on national financial revenue and expenditure and was closely related to the vicissitudes of the nation. The Ming Dynasty occupies an important position in China’s financial development history and inherits the financial characteristics of the previous dynasty with unique characteristics. At the same time, the history of the Ming Dynasty shows a complex and multi-faceted character. The Privy Purse of the Ming Dynasty is the storage and dispatching institution of traditional finance, and its internal “public and private changes” reflect the financial operation of the Ming Dynasty. Based on the analysis of the basic situation of the Privy Purse in the Ming Dynasty, such as the revenue and expenditure and the composition of the personnel, this paper discusses the changes of royal finance and national public finance in the Privy Purse in different periods. From the perspective of the evolution of the Privy Purse, this paper argues the public and private trend of traditional finance, at the same time researching the relationship between royal finance and the development of a country and its influence on the country.