建议采纳中的确认偏见效应及其解释机制

The Confirmation Bias Effect in Advice Taking and Its Underlying Explaining Mechanisms

摘要: 决策过程中，个体总是倾向去寻找信息来确认自我观点是正确的，并选择忽略与自我观点不一致的信息，这个现象称为“确认偏见效应”，建议采纳是决策行为的一种类型，该效应在建议采纳中是如何表现的也开始被研究者所关注，通过文献梳理发现，在自我观点已形成的情况下，决策者更多采纳与自我观点一致的建议，此时确认偏见效应“确认”目标是自我观点；但当个体尚未形成自我观点的时候，表现出的确认偏见效应“确认”目标为社会规则，决策者倾向采纳与社会规则一致的建议；但当自我观点与社会规则不同时，决策者依然会倾向采纳与自我观点一致的建议。确认偏见效应的发生可用积极自我实现机制、盲点偏见机制以及加工流畅性机制解释。未来研究可以继续利用定量测量法、生理测量法等方法探究建议采纳中确认偏见效应。

Abstract: Individuals are always inclined to seek information that could confirm their own existing opinion, while ignore the evidence that is inconsistent with their opinion. This phenomenon is called as the “confirmation bias effect” in decision-making, and this effect occurs in advice-taking as well. Previous studies have found that in the condition where judges do not have their own belief, they will regard the social norms as the criterion to evaluate the advice during advice-taking. They prefer to take the advice that is consistent with the social norms (the opinion from the majority members in the ingroup). In such situation, the “confirmation bias effect” is to confirm the social norms. In the condition where judges already have formed their own opinion, judges prefer to take the advice that is consistent with their own opinion. In such situation, the “confirmation bias effect” is to confirm the belief from the judges. Additionally, if there is a conflict between social norms and self- opinion, judge still prefer to take the advice that can “confirm” their opinion. The mechanism of “confirmation bias effect” can be explained by the achievement of positive self, blind spot bias mechanism and fluency processing mechanism. Based on the limitations of existing studies, research can substantiate these findings by adopting more multiple methods such as the quantified measurement and biological measurement methods.