请求权基础视角下的人格权禁令程序构建

Procedure Construction of Injunction of Personality Right from the Perspective of Basis for Claim Right

摘要: 新出台的《民法典》将人格权独立成编，彰显了人格权保护之重要意义，但也存在人格权保护的请求权基础不明，难以和侵权责任请求权区分开的弊病。第997条“人格权禁令”制度也存在这一问题，兼因法律对其性质、程序等无具体规定，实务中大多比照行为保全进行处理，无法突显禁令制度的特异性。本文认为，可引入请求权基础分析法，锁定禁令的请求权基础，为司法裁判提供统一规范，并以此作为程序构建的法律依据。基于人格权的绝对权属性和固有特征，本文从目的解释和体系解释的角度，论证出人格权禁令以侵权责任编第1167条“人格权保护性请求权”为请求权基础。在程序设计上，以“申请–审查与裁定–执行–撤销”的路径构建“准诉讼”程序，与诉讼进行衔接，贯彻其实体禁令的内涵。但在紧急情况下，对于高位阶权利，可采取非讼性质的程序，作为程序上的例外。

Abstract: The newly issued Civil Code made personality rights an independent part, which shows the importance of the protection of personality right. However, the basis for claim right of personality right protection is unclear, and it is difficult to distinguish it from tort claims. The problem also exists in Article 997, namely the “injunction of personality right”. Since there are no specific provisions on its nature and procedures, the majority of legal cases refer to the behavior preservation, which cannot highlight the specificity of injunctions. The analysis method of claim basis can be introduced to ascertain the claim basis of injunctions, thus providing a unified standard for judicial judgment, which can be used as the legal basis for the construction of procedures. Based on the absolute right attribute and inherent characteristics of personality right, this paper, from the perspective of purpose interpretation and system interpretation, demonstrates that the claim basis of injunction of personality right is “protective claim right of personality right” in Article 1167 in Infringement Liability Part. In the procedure design, the paper constructs the “quasi-litigation” procedures by the path of “application-examination and adjudication-execution-cancellation”, which connects with the lawsuit and carries out its connotation of substantive prohibition. In emergency situations, non-litigation procedures can be used as procedural exceptions for higher rank personality rights.