认知与非认知——二十世纪元伦理学发展路向研究

Cognition and Non-Cognition—Twentieth Century Metaethics Development Road Research

摘要: 二十世纪西方元伦理学研究起源于摩尔的未决问题论证，围绕是否存在规范性事实这一问题，形成了从情绪主义到普遍规定主义到准实在论再到表达主义的非认知主义和从错论到自然主义和非自然主义道德实在论的认知主义这两条研究路向。非认识主义认为道德判断没有陈述事实，道德判断不是对外部事物的判断。认知主义认为道德判断和事实判断一样是有真假的，通过找出道德事实的客观性事实可以证明规范性具有客观性。

Abstract: The metaethics research is originated from Moore’s open question argument in the twentieth century. Surrounding whether there are normative facts, it forms two research paths, non-cognitivism, which underwent the development from emotivism to universal prescriptivism to Quasi-realism to norm-expressivism, and cognitivism, which witnessed the development from error theory to naturalism and non-naturalism moral realism. Non-cognitivism holds that moral judgment does not state facts and moral judgment is not a judgment of external things. Cognitivism believes that moral judgment is as true and false as factual judgment and morality can be proved to be objective by finding out the objectivity of moral facts.