“V来”与“V去”的不对称研究

Study on the Asymmetry of “V lai” and “V qu”

摘要: “V来”与“V去”作为现代汉语中常用的结构，二者的用法存在不对称。本文遵循语义的一致性原则，分别从“来”“去”的语义以及动词的方向性两个方面分析不对称用法及产生不对称的原因。若“来”“去”只表简单的位移，动词的运动方向是靠近说话人时，“V来”是无标记组配，“V去”为有标记组配；若动词的方向是远离说话人，则“V去”是无标记组配，相反的“V来”为有标记组配；若动作的发生可以是任意方向，那么“V来”与“V去”用法对称。但若“来”“去”在结构中分别是“起始事态义”和“去除义”产生作用，但此时对方没有与之相对应的意义和用法，那么就会产生有“V来”无“V去”或有“V去”无“V来”的不对称现象。但是分析时一定要考虑到人的认知习惯，因为使用的差异很大的原因还是人习惯以我为中心的结果。

Abstract: As a common structure in modern Chinese, the usage of “V lai” and “V qu” is asymmetrical. Fol-lowing the principle of semantic consistency, this paper analyzes the usage of asymmetry and the causes of asymmetry from two aspects: the semantics of “lai” and “qu” and the directivity of verbs. If “lai” and “qu” only represent simple displacement, and the direction of verb movement is close to the speaker, “V lai” is unmarked match, and “V qu” is marked match. If the direction of the verb is away from the speaker, “V lai” is unmarked match and the opposite “V lai” is marked match; If the action can occur in any direction, then “V lai” and “V qu” are used symmetrically. However, if “lai” and “qu” are respectively “initial state meaning” and “removal meaning” in the structure, but the other side has no corresponding meaning and usage, then there will be an asymmetric phenomenon of “V lai” without “V qu” or “V qu” without “V lai”. However, people’s cognitive habits must be taken into account in the analysis, because the big difference in usage is the result of people’s habit of being self-centered.