“V不了什么N”构式探析

“V buliaoshenme N” Construction Exploration

摘要: “V不了什么N”作为现代汉语口语中常见的一个表达式，主要由“V不了”和“什么N”构成，整个构式在语法层次上可分析为“述补结构 + 宾语”；语义上，分析了动词、宾语和语境的情况及其浮现的具体构式义，发现其构式义为表达说话人主观全量或接近全量的否定判断。从语用角度来探析该构式的焦点、信息表达等话语功能，发现“V不了”述补结构表达了说话人对某事发生的可能性或能力的否定，“什么N”是构式表达的焦点，其中的“什么”在构式中加强了说话人的主观否定情绪。双重的强调使整个构式的否定全量义得以实现，也表达了说话人的主观负向情绪。将“V不了什么N”与相关表达式“V不了N”和“什么N都/也V不了”进行对比，进一步证实了该构式的主观性及全量义特征。

Abstract: As a common expression in modern spoken Chinese, “V buliaoshenme N” is mainly composed of “V buliao” and “shenme N”, and the entire construction can be analyzed as “complement structure + object” at the grammatical level; Semantically speaking, a specific constructed meaning emerges according to the situation of verbs, objects, and contexts, that is, to express the negative judgment of the speaker’s subjective full or close to full quantity. From the pragmatic point of view, the focus of the construction, information expression and other discourse functions are explored, and it is found that the “V buliao” complement structure expresses the negation of the possibility or ability of something to happen, “shenme N” is the focus of the construction expression, and the “shenme” in the construction strengthens the speaker’s subjective negative emotions, and the double emphasis makes the negation of the entire construction realize the full meaning of negation, and also expresses the subjective negative emotions of the speaker. Comparing “V buliaoshenme N” with the related expressions “V buliao N” and “shenme N dou/ye V buliao” further confirms the subjectivity and full sense characteristics of this configuration.