从自然人到公民：论《爱弥儿》第一卷的契约论向度

From Natural Man to Citizen: The Contractarian Orientation of émile, Volume 1

摘要: 《爱弥儿》第一卷记载了卢梭认为应当对0~2岁的婴儿施行何种自然主义教育的诸原则及方法。在对婴儿的视觉、听觉和触觉等身体感官教育上，卢梭均主张以婴儿本性为出发点对其施以循序渐进的自然教育。同时卢梭很明确自然主义教育的目标应当是培养良好的公民，而被教育者从自然人到公民的转变应当以正确的契约论构想为前提。卢梭不认可霍布斯以人的自我保存倾向为唯一原则的契约论设定；进而反对洛克以保护私有财产为主导原则的民主政体构想。好的教育离不开好的政治制度，一定程度上《爱弥儿》乃是对《社会契约论》的教育哲学表达。

Abstract: In the first volume of Émile, Rousseau’s principles and methods for the naturalistic education of infants from 0 to 2 years old are described. In the education of infants’ physical senses such as sight, hearing and touch, Rousseau advocated a gradual naturalistic education based on the nature of infants. At the same time, Rousseau was clear that the goal of naturalistic education should be the formation of good citizens, and that the transformation of the educated from natural man to citizen should be premised on a correct contractual conception. Rousseau disapproved of Hobbes’ contractarian setting, which takes the tendency of human self-preservation as the only principle, and thus opposes Locke’s democratic conception of government, which takes the protection of private property as the dominant principle. A good education cannot be separated from a good political system, and to a certain extent, Émile is the educational philosophical expression of The Social Contract.