论公平责任的适用

On the Application of Equitable Responsibility

摘要: 公平责任作为一种损失分担机制，不应是个案中首先考虑的规则，只有在既不属于一般侵权又不属于特殊侵权的情形下才有适用的余地。同时，必须遵守公平责任的构成要素，如行为和损害之间具有因果关系以及属于法律明确规定的情况等，以防止滥用公平责任的加剧。在实际裁判中，公平责任的应用仍然存在一些问题，如适用情形的混乱，忽视行为和结果之间的因果关系以及被告分担损失的比例不确定等。因《民法典》1186条只规定“依照法律”，而未对具体适用情形予以说明，故而有必要澄清公平责任的具体适用条件。包括限于法律明确规定的情形、双方当事人均无过错、行为与损害之间存在因果关系以及不属于一般侵权或特殊侵权等。其中在限于法律明确规定的情形这一条件中，本文以《民法典》中能够适用“补偿”的条款为前提，再根据前述公平责任的构成要件对某些条款进行剔除，从而得出适用公平责任的具体情形，包括完全民事行为能力人丧失意识的侵权责任和自然原因引起的紧急避险两种。虽然公平责任在平衡各方利益和保护社会公平方面发挥着重要作用，但其缺点也是非常明显的，这不仅对无过错的行为人造成一定程度的不公平，而且也不能保证受害者得到充分的补偿。

Abstract: As a kind of loss sharing mechanism, equitable liability should not be the first rule considered in a case. It can only be applied when it is neither a general tort nor a special tort. At the same time, it is necessary to abide by the elements of equitable liability, such as the causal relationship between the behavior and the damage and the circumstances clearly stipulated by the law, so as to prevent the abuse of equitable liability from aggravating. In the actual judgment, there are still some problems in the application of equitable liability, such as the confusion of the application situation, the causal relationship between the neglect behavior and the result, and the uncertainty of the proportion of the defendant to share the loss. Since Article 1186 of the Civil Code only stipulates “in accordance with the law”, but does not explain the specific application situation, it is necessary to clarify the specific application conditions of equitable liability. Including limited to the circumstances clearly stipulated by law, neither party is at fault, and there is a causal relationship between the act and the damage, and it does not belong to the general tort or special tort. Under the condition that it is limited to the situation clearly stipulated by law, this paper takes the Civil Code as the premise that the clause of “compensation” can be applied, and then removes some clauses according to the aforementioned constituent elements of equitable liability, so as to obtain the specific circumstances of the application of equitable liability, including the tort liability of the person with full civil capacity losing consciousness and the emergency avoidance caused by natural reasons. Although fair liability plays an important role in balancing the interests of all parties and protecting social equity, its disadvantages are also very obvious, which not only causes a certain degree of unfairness to the innocent perpetrator, but also cannot guarantee adequate compensation for the victim.