| 
                                            [1]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Dupont-Roc, J. and Grynberg, G. (1997) Photons and Atoms-Introduction to Quantum Elec-trodynamics. Wiley-VCH, Hoboken, 486.  https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527618422 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [2]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Loudon, R. (1974) The Quantum Theory of Light. American Journal of Physics, 42, 1041. 
 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3128806 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [3]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Miller, M.M. and Mishkin, E.A. (1966) Characteristic States of the Electromagnetic Radiation Field. Physical Review, 152, 1110.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.152.1110 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [4]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Ter Haar, D. (2016) The Old Quantum Theory. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [5]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Arons, A.B. and Peppard, M.B. (1965) Einstein’s Proposal of the Photon Concept—A Translation of the Annalen der Physik Paper of 1905. American Journal of Physics, 33, 367-374.  https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1971542 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [6]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Compton, A.H. (1923) A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements. Physical Review, 21, 483. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.21.483 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [7]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Lewis, G.N. (1926) The Conservation of Photons. Nature, 118, 874-875.  https://doi.org/10.1038/118874a0 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [8]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Dirac, P.A.M. (1927) The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of Radiation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 114, 243-265. 
 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0039 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [9]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Fermi, E. (1932) Quantum Theory of Radiation. Reviews of Modern Physics, 4, 87. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.4.87 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [10]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             程碑彤, 代千, 谢修敏, 等. 单光子探测器的研究进展[J]. 激光技术, 2022, 46(5): 601-609. 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [11]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             梁创, 廖静, 梁冰, 等. 硅雪崩光电二极管单光子探测器[J]. 光子学报, 2000, 29(12): 1142-1147. 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [12]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             尤立星. 光量子信息利器——超导纳米线单光子探测器[J]. 物理, 2021, 50(10): 678-683. 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [13]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Miller, A.J., Lita, A.E., Calkins, B., et al. (2011) Compact Cryogenic Self-Aligning Fiber-to-Detector Coupling with Losses below One Percent. Optics Express, 19, 9102-9110.  https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.009102 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [14]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Fukuda, D., Fujii, G., Numata, T., et al. (2011) Titanium-Based Transition-Edge Photon Number Resolving Detector with 98% Detection Efficiency with Index-Matched Small-Gap Fiber Coupling. Optics Express, 19, 870-875. 
 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.009102 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [15]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Fukuda, D., Fujii, G., Numata, T., et al. (2010) Titanium Super-conducting Photon-Number-Resolving Detector. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 21, 241-245.  https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2010.2089953 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [16]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Miller, A.J., Nam, S.W., Martinis, J.M., et al. (2003) Demonstration of a Low-Noise Near-Infrared Photon Counter with Multiphoton Discrimination. Applied Physics Letters, 83, 791-793.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1596723 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [17]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Lolli, L., Taralli, E., Portesi, C., et al. (2013) High Intrinsic Energy Resolution Photon Number Resolving Detectors. Applied Physics Letters, 103, Article ID: 041107.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4815922 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [18]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Paolucci, F., Buccheri, V., Germanese, G., et al. (2020) Development of Highly Sensitive Nanoscale Transition Edge Sensors for Gigahertz Astronomy and Dark Matter Search. Journal of Applied Physics, 128, Article ID: 194502. 
 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0021996 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [19]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Hummatov, R., Adams, J.S., Bandler, S.R., et al. (2020) Quantum Efficiency Study and Reflectivity Enhancement of Au/Bi Absorbers. Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 199, 393-400.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02424-3 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [20]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Fukuda, D. (2019) Single-Photon Measurement Techniques with a Superconducting Transition Edge Sensor. IEICE Transactions on Electronics, 102, 230-234.  https://doi.org/10.1587/transele.2018SDI0001 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [21]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Harder, G., Bartley, T.J., Lita, A.E., et al. (2016) Sin-gle-Mode Parametric-Down-Conversion States with 50 Photons as a Source for Mesoscopic Quantum Optics. Physical Review Letters, 116, Article ID: 143601. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.143601 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [22]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Lita, A.E., Reddy, D.V., Verma, V.B., et al. (2022) Development of Superconducting Single-Photon and Photon-Number Resolving Detectors for Quantum Applica-tions. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 40, 7578-7597. 
 https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2022.3195000 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [23]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Hirayama, F., Kohjiro, S., Fukuda, D., et al. (2013) Micro-wave SQUID Multiplexer for TES Readout. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 23, Article ID: 2500405.  https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2012.2237474 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [24]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Mitsuda, K., Fujimoto, R., Miyazaki, T., et al. (1999) Multi-Pixel Readout of Transition-Edge Sensors Using a Multi-Input SQUID. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 436, 252-255.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00630-0 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [25]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Yamasaki, N.Y., Masui, K., Mitsuda, K., et al. (2006) Design of Frequency Domain Multiplexing of TES Signals by Multi-Input SQUIDs. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 559, 790-792.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.141 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [26]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Levi, M., Hoppensteadt, F.C. and Miranker, W.L. (1978) Dynamics of the Josephson Junction. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 36, 167-198.  https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/484023 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [27]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Irwin, K.D. and Hilton, G.C. (2005) Transition-Edge Sensors. In: Enss, C., Ed., Cryogenic Particle Detection, Springer, Berlin, 63-150.  https://doi.org/10.1007/10933596_3 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [28]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             姜稣仆. 面向超导转变边缘探测器高精度可控电流源的研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 北京: 中国科学院大学(中国科学院上海应用物理研究所), 2021.  https://doi.org/10.27585/d.cnki.gkshs.2021.000071 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [29]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Fominov, Y.V. and Mikhailov, D.S. (2022) Asymmetric Higher-Harmonic SQUID as a Josephson Diode. Physical Review B, 106, Article ID: 134514.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.106.134514 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [30]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Schuster, C., Wegner, M., Enss, C., et al. (2022) Flux Ramp Modulation Based Hybrid Microwave SQUID Multiplexer. Applied Physics Letters, 120, Ar-ticle ID: 162601.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0087994 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [31]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Geng, Y., Zhang, W., Li, P.Z., et al. (2020) Improving Energy Detection Efficiency of Ti-Based Superconducting Transition-Edge Sensors with Optical Cavity. Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 199, 556-562. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-020-02383-9 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [32]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Cabrera, B., Clarke, R.M., Colling, P., et al. (1998) Detec-tion of Single Infrared, Optical, and Ultraviolet Photons Using Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors. Applied Physics Letters, 73, 735-737.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.121984 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [33]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Miller, A.J., Cabrera, B., Clarke, R.M., et al. (1999) Transition Edge Sensors as Single Photon Detectors. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 9, 4205-4208.  https://doi.org/10.1109/77.783952 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [34]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Rajteri, M., Rastello, M.L. and Monticone, E. (2000) An-tireflection Coatings for Superconducting Photodetectors. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 444, 461-464.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01423-0 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [35]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Rosenberg, D., Nam, S.W., Miller, A.J., et al. (2004) Near-Unity Absorption of Near-Infrared Light in Tungsten Films. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 520, 537-540.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.308 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [36]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Rosenberg, D., Lita, A.E., Miller, A.J., et al. (2005) Perfor-mance of Photon-Number Resolving Transition-Edge Sensors with Integrated 1550 nm Resonant Cavities. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 15, 575-578. 
 https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2005.849925 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [37]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Damayanthi, R.M.T., Fukuda, D., Takahashi, H., et al. (2008) Design of an Optical Absorption Cavity for Titanium Transition Edge Sensors. Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 151, 46-50.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-007-9707-0 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [38]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Fukuda, D., Fujii, G., Numata, T., et al. (2009) Photon Number Resolving Detection with High Speed and High Quantum Efficiency. Metrologia, 46, S288.  https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/46/4/S29 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [39]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Zhang, W., Geng, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2019) Development of Titanium-Based Transition-Edge Single-Photon Detector. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 29, 1-5.  https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2948993 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [40]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             张青雅, 董文慧, 何根芳, 等. 超导转变边沿单光子探测器原理与研究进展[J]. 物理学报, 2014(20): 14. 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [41]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Fukuda, D., Damayanthi, R.M.T., Yoshizawa, A., et al. (2007) Titanium Based Transition Edge Microcalorimeters for Optical Photon Measurements. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 17, 259-262. 
 https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2007.897393 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [42]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Lita, A.E., Calkins, B., Pellochoud, L.A., et al. (2009) High-Efficiency Photon-Number-Resolving Detectors Based on Hafnium Transition-Edge Sensors. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1185, 351-354.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3292350 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [43]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Portesi, C., Taralli, E., Lolli, L., et al. (2014) Fabrication and Characterization of Fast TESs with Small Area for Single Photon Counting. IEEE Transac-tions on Applied Superconductivity, 25, 1-4. 
 https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2014.2367455 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [44]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Xu, X., Rajteri, M., Li, J., et al. (2022) Investigation of Ti/Au Transition-Edge Sensors for Single-Photon Detection. Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 209, 372-378.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-022-02818-5 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [45]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Lolli, L., Taralli, E. and Rajteri, M. (2012) Ti/Au TES to Discriminate Single Photons. Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 167, 803-808.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-012-0473-2 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [46]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Lolli, L., Taralli, E., Rajteri, M., et al. (2013) Characterization of Optical Fast Transition-Edge Sensors with Optimized Fiber Coupling. IEEE Transactions on Applied Supercon-ductivity, 23, Article ID: 2100904. 
 https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2013.2238981 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [47]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Avella, A., Brida, G., Degiovanni, I.P., et al. (2011) Self Consistent, Absolute Calibration Technique for Photon Number Resolving Detectors. Optics Express, 19, 23249-23257.  https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.023249 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [48]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Hattori, K., Konno, T., Miura, Y., et al. (2022) An Optical Transition-Edge Sensor with High Energy Resolution. Superconductor Science and Technology, 35, Article ID: 095002.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac7e7b 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [49]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Morais, L.A., Weinhold, T., de Almeida, M.P., et al. (2020) Precisely Determining Photon-Number in Real-Time. 
                                         | 
                                    
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | 
                                            [50]
                                         | 
                                        
                                             Eaton, M., Hossameldin, A., Birrittella, R.J., et al. (2022) Resolving 100 Photons and Quantum Generation of Unbiased Random Numbers. Nature Photonics, 17, 106-111.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-022-01105-9 
                                         |