人道善与天道德——基于郭店楚简《五行》篇的考察

Humane Kindness and Heavenly Morality—Based on the Investigation of Guodian Chujian’s “Five Elements”

摘要: 天道德与人道善是郭店竹简《五行》篇中的一对重要命题，它是基于“五行”型于内与不型于内而划分的，不型于内的仁义礼智四行合为人道善，型于内的仁义礼智圣五种德之行相和成天道德，如此天道德与人道善便是有着鲜明界限的两个阶段。而人的修行便是要从自然生命进到人道善的阶段，再超越人道善，最终达到天道德的理想境界。人道善是天道德的基础，要想实现天道德则需要在人道善阶段“目知”“喻之”“譬知”的基础上进一步做“几知”的功夫，通过上帝临汝和毋二尔心实现天道德，同时亦可从“中心之忧”入手，经由“智–悦–安–乐”的历程去体验天道并形于人心，以实现天道德。而作为拥有“天道德”的君子，仅仅“得道”不是完满的德，还需要将“知”的内容时时外化于行，实现人道天道相贯通，方才是真正的“有德者”。总之，人道善与天道德是既有着鲜明区别又紧密联系的一个统一体，二者是有区别的统一。

Abstract: Heavenly morality and humane kindness are a pair of important propositions in Guodian Zhujian’s “Five Elements”. It is di-vided based on the “Five Elements” type inside and not inside. The four elements of benevolence, righteousness, wisdom and humanity and humanity are combined into kindness. The five virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and sainthood add up to form the heavenly morali-ty. There are two stages with distinct boundaries. And human practice is to go from natural life to the stage of human kindness, then surpass human kindness, and finally reach the ideal state of heavenly morality. Human kindness is the foundation of heavenly morality. If you want to realise heavenly morality, you need to further do the kung fu of “a few knowledge” on the basis of “eye knowledge”, “simplified knowledge” and “simplified knowledge” in the stage of human kindness. At the same time, it is also possible to experience wisdom, joy, peace of mind, and happiness from the “central annoyance”, thereby experiencing the Heavenly Way and forming it in people’s hearts, thereby realizing the Heavenly Virtue. As a gentleman with “heavenly morality”, only “getting the Tao” is not a complete virtue. It is necessary to externalise the content of “knowledge” from time to time to realise the integration of humanity and heaven, so as to be the real “moral”. In a word, hu-man kindness and heavenly morality are a unity that has both distinct and close ties, and is a dif-ferent unity between the two.