| [1] | Nardelli, S., Riggio, O., Gioia, S., et al. (2020) Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts in Liver Cirrhosis: Clinical and Ther-apeutical Aspects. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 26, 1726-1732. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i15.1726
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [2] | Takashi, M., Igarashi, M., Hino, S., et al. (1985) Esophageal Vari-ces: Correlation of Left Gastric Venography and Endoscopy in Patients with Portal Hypertension. Radiology, 155, 327-331. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.155.2.3983381
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [3] | Riggio, O., Efrati, C., Catalano, C., et al. (2005) High Prev-alence of Spontaneous Portal-Systemic Shunts in Persistent Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Case-Control Study. Hepatology, 42, 1158-1165. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20905
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [4] | Tarantino, G., Citro, V., Conca, P., et al. (2009) What Are the Implications of the Spontaneous Splenorenal Shunts in Liver Cirrhosis? BMC Gastroenterology, 9, 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-9-89
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [5] | Simón-Talero, M., Roccarina, D., Martínez, J., et al. (2018) Associa-tion between Portosystemic Shunts and Increased Complications and Mortality in Patients with Cirrhosis. Gastroenter-ology, 154, 1694-1705. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [6] | Guillaume, M. and Bureau, C. (2018) Should the Presence of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts Be Implemented to the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score for a Better Prediction of Outcome? Gastroen-terology, 154, 1569-1571. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.035
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [7] | Kumamoto, M., Toyonaga, A., Inoue, H., et al. (2010) Long-Term Results of Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration for Gastric Fundal Varices: Hepatic Dete-rioration Links to Portosystemic Shunt Syndrome. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 25, 1129-1135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06262.x
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [8] | Saad, W.E.A., Lippert, A., Saad, N.E. and Caldwell, S. (2013) Ectopic Varices: Anatomical Classification, Hemodynamic Classification, and Hemodynamic-Based Management. Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 16, 108-125. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tvir.2013.02.004
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [9] | Saad, W. (2014) Portosystemic Shunt Syndrome and Endovascular Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 31, 262-265. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1382795
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [10] | Moubarak, E., Bouvier, A., Boursier, J., et al. (2012) Portosystemic Collateral Vessels in Liver Cirrhosis: A Three-Dimensional MDCT Pictorial Review. Abdominal Radiology, 37, 746-766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-011-9811-0
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [11] | An, J., Kim, K.W., Han, S., Lee, J. and Lim, Y.-S. (2014) Im-provement in Survival Associated with Embolisation of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunt in Patients with Recurrent Hepatic Encephalopathy. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 39, 1418-1426. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12771
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [12] | Vidal-González, J., Simón-Talero, M. and Genescà, J. (2018) Should Prophylactic Embolization of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts Be Routinely Performed during Transjugular Intrahe-patic Portosystemic Shunt Placement? Digestive and Liver Disease, 50, 1324-1326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.06.013
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [13] | Sharma, M. and Rameshbabu, C.S. (2012) Collateral Pathways in Portal Hypertension. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 2, 338-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2012.08.001
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [14] | von Herbay, A., Frieling, T. and Hussinger, D. (2000) Color Dop-pler Sonographic Evaluation of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts and Inversion of Portal Venous Flow in Patients with Cirrhosis. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, 28, 332-339. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0096(200009)28:7<332::AID-JCU3>3.0.CO;2-9
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [15] | 高欣, 刘苑斌, 肖勇, 等. 脾肾或胃肾分流型静脉曲张的临床特征与处置[J]. 中华消化内镜杂志, 2022, 39(5): 352-357. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [16] | Dajti, E., Renzulli, M., Colecchia, A., et al. (2021) Size and Location of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts Predict the Risk of Decompen-sation in Cirrhotic Patients. Digestive and Liver Disease, 54, 103-110. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [17] | 钱帅杰, 吴浩. 肝性脑病——异常门体分流处理的现代观[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2021, 37(12): 2774-2777. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [18] | Ohnishi, K., Sato, S., Saito, M., et al. (1986) Clinical and Portal Hemodynamic Features in Cirrhotic Patients Having a Large Spontaneous Splenorenal and/or Gas-trorenal Shunt. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 81, 450-455. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [19] | Iwakiri, Y. (2014) Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension. Clinics in Liver Disease, 18, 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2013.12.001
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [20] | Bloom, S., Kemp, W. and Lubel, J. (2015) Portal Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Internal Medicine Journal, 45, 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12590
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [21] | Pillai, A.K., Andring, B., Patel, A., Trimmer, C. and Kalva, S.P. (2015) Portal Hypertension: A Review of Portosystemic Collateral Pathways and Endovascular Interventions. Clinical Radiology, 70, 1047-1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2015.06.077
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [22] | Vidal-González, J., Quiroga, S., Simón-Talero, M. and Genesca, J. (2020) Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts in Liver Cirrhosis: New Approaches to an Old Problem. Therapeutic Ad-vances in Gastroenterology, 13, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756284820961287
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [23] | Saad, W. (2012) Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration of Gastric Varices: Concept, Basic Techniques, and Outcomes. Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 29, 118-128. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312573
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [24] | Praktiknjo, M., Simón-Talero, M., Römer, J., et al. (2020) Total Area of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts Independently Predicts Hepatic Encephalopathy and Mortality in Liver Cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology, 72, 1140-1150. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [25] | Philips, C.A., Rajesh, S., Augustine, P., Padsalgi, G. and Ahamed, R. (2019) Portosystemic Shunts and Refractory Hepatic Encephalopathy: Patient Selection and Current Options. Hepatic Medicine: Evidence and Research, 11, 23-34. https://doi.org/10.2147/HMER.S169024
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [26] | Kako, Y., Yamakado, K., Jomoto, W., et al. (2017) Changes in Liver Perfusion and Function before and after Percutaneous Occlusion of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunt. Japanese Journal of Radiology, 35, 366-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-017-0647-6
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [27] | Singh, S., Kamath, P.S., Andrews, J.C. and Leise, M.D. (2014) Embolization of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts for Management of Severe Persistent Hepatic Encephalopathy. Hepatology, 59, 735-736. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26575
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [28] | Philips, C.A., Rajesh, S., George, T., Ahamed, R., Mohanan, M. and Au-gustine, P. (2020) Early, Late, or No Shunt Embolization in Patients with Cirrhosis- and Portosystemic Shunt-Related Hepatic Encephalopathy. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, 39, 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-020-01042-x
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [29] | Philips, C.A., Ahamed, R., Rajesh, S., George, T., Mohanan, M. and Augustine, P. (2020) Beyond the Scope and the Glue: Update on Evaluation and Management of Gastric Varices. BMC Gastroenterology, 20, 361. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-020-01513-7
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [30] | Sarin, S.K., Lahoti, D., Saxena, S.P., Murthy, N.S. and Makwa-na, U.K. (1992) Prevalence, Classification and Natural History of Gastric Varices: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study in 568 Portal Hypertension Patients. Hepatology, 16, 1343-1349. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840160607
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [31] | Pandhi, M., Khabbaz, R., Gaba, R. and Lipnik, A. (2018) Endovas-cular Treatment for Variceal Hemorrhage: TIPS, BRTO, and Combined Approaches. Seminars in Interventional Radiol-ogy, 35, 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660795
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [32] | Morrison, J.D., Mendoza-Elias, N., Lipnik, A.J., et al. (2018) Gastric Varices Bleed at Lower Portosystemic Pressure Gradients than Esophageal Varices. Journal of Vascular and Interven-tional Radiology, 29, 636-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2017.10.014
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [33] | Tripathi, D., Therapondos, G., Jackson, E., Redhead, D.N. and Hayes, P.C. (2002) The Role of the Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent Shunt (TIPSS) in the Management of Bleeding Gastric Varices: Clinical and Haemodynamic Correlations. Gut, 51, 270-274. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.51.2.270
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [34] | 陈明锴, 丁震, 肖勇, 等. 超声内镜联合胃镜治疗明显脾肾分流合并巨大胃静脉曲张的初步探讨[J]. 中华消化内镜杂志, 2016, 33(10): 707-710. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [35] | Ninoi, T., Nakamura, K., Ka-minou, T., et al. (2004) TIPS versus Transcatheter Sclerotherapy for Gastric Varices. American Journal of Roentgenolo-gy, 183, 369-376. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.183.2.1830369
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [36] | Sabri, S.S., Abi-Jaoudeh, N., Swee, W., et al. (2014) Short-Term Rebleeding Rates for Isolated Gastric Varices Managed by Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt versus Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 25, 355-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.12.001
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [37] | Paleti, S., Nutalapati, V., Fathallah, J., Jeepalyam, S. and Rustagi, T. (2020) Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (BRTO) versus Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) for Treatment of Gastric Varices Because of Portal Hypertension. Journal of Clinical Gas-troenterology, 54, 655-660. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000001275
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [38] | Lee, S.J., Kim, S.U., Kim, M.-D., et al. (2017) Comparison of Treatment Outcomes between Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration and Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Gastric Variceal Bleeding Hemostasis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 32, 1487-1494. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13729
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [39] | Gimm, G., Chang, Y., Kim, H.-C., et al. (2018) Bal-loon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration versus Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for the Man-agement of Gastric Variceal Bleeding. Gut and Liver, 12, 704-713. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl17515
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [40] | 马逸骅, 苏秀琴, 于世平. 门体分流道栓塞治疗顽固性肝性脑病合并自发性门体分流1例[J]. 中国介入影像与治疗学, 2020, 17(10): 639. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [41] | 张瀚文, 刘江涛, 孙刚. 合并自发性门体分流道的门脉高压临床处置——介入放射技术的价值[J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2022, 42(10): 815-819. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [42] | Luo, X., Xiang, T., Wu, J., et al. (2021) Endoscopic Cyanoacrylate Injection vs BRTO for Prevention of Gastric Variceal Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hepatology, 74, 2074-2084. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [43] | Kim, S.K., Lee, K.A., Sauk, S. and Ko-renblat, K. (2017) Comparison of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt with Covered Stent and Bal-loon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration in Managing Isolated Gastric Varices. Korean Journal of Radiology, 18, 345-354. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2017.18.2.345
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [44] | 中国医师协会介入医师分会. 中国门静脉高压经颈静脉肝内门体分流术临床实践指南(2019版) [J]. 中华医学杂志, 2019, 99(45): 3534-3546. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [45] | He, C., Lv, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2018) Association between Nonvariceal Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunt and Outcomes after TIPS in Cirrhosis. Digestive and Liver Disease, 50, 1315-1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.05.022
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [46] | Fujimoto, M., Moriyasu, F., Nada, T. et al. (1995) Influence of Spontaneous Portosystemic Collateral Pathways on Portal Hemo-dynamics in Living-Related Liver Transplantation in Children. Transplantation, 60, 41-45. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199507150-00008
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [47] | 王钲钰, 等. 经颈静脉肝内门体分流术联合自发性门体分流封堵可有效降低术后显性肝性脑病发病率[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2022, 38(10): 2285. | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [48] | Carlis, L.D., Favero, E.D., Rondinara, G., et al. (1992) The Role of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts in the Course of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Transplant International, 5, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00337182
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [49] | Gomez Gavara, C., Bhangui, P., Salloum, C., et al. (2018) Ligation versus No Ligation of Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts during Liver Transplantation: Audit of a Prospective Series of 66 Consecutive Patients. Liver Transplantation, 24, 505-515. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24999
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [50] | Slater, R.R., Jabbour, N., Abbass, A.A., et al. (2011) Left Renal Vein Liga-tion: A Technique to Mitigate Low Portal Flow from Splenic Vein Siphon during Liver Transplantation. American Jour-nal of Transplantation, 11, 1743-1747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03578.x
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [51] | Litvin, S., Atar, E., Knizhnik, M., Bruckheimer, E. and Belenky, A. (2009) Stent Graft Closure of a High Flow Splenorenal Shunt in a Patient after Liver Transplantation. Diag-nostic and Interventional Radiology, 16, 312-314. https://doi.org/10.4261/1305-3825.DIR.2398-08.1
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [52] | Awad, N., Horrow, M.M., Parsikia, A., et al. (2012) Peri-operative Management of Spontaneous Splenorenal Shunts in Orthotopic Liver Transplant Patients. Experimental and Clinical Transplantation, 10, 475-481. https://doi.org/10.6002/ect.2011.0201
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [53] | Rodriguez, E.A., Perez, R., Zhang, N., et al. (2020) Clinical Outcomes of Portosystemic Shunts on the Outcome of Liver Transplantation. Liver Transplantation, 26, 693-701. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25710
 | 
                     
                                
                                    
                                        | [54] | Yi, F., Guo, X., Wang, L., et al. (2021) Impact of Spontaneous Splenorenal Shunt on Liver Volume and Long-Term Survival of Liver Cirrhosis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 36, 1694-1702. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15386
 |