“上”“下”隐喻在《鲁迅小说全集》中的修辞效果

The Rhetorical Effect of “Up” and “Down” Metaphors in Complete Stories of Lu Xun

摘要: 本文旨在运用认知隐喻理论解读“上”和“下”隐喻在文本《鲁迅小说全集》中的修辞效果。该书收录了鲁迅先生的全部小说创作，其中短篇小说32篇，中篇小说一篇，共计33篇，它们分别选自《呐喊》《彷徨》和《故事新编》。“上”和“下”这一对概念构成的垂直隐喻建构了一个隐喻体系，为我们解读这部经典作品提供了一个新的角度和重要的认知参照。在“上”与“下”这对隐喻概念体系中，在它们构成的社会等级域，动作域，方所域，数量域及程度域中，“上”通常表示积极乐观的一面，而“下”基本都反映消极不满的负面情绪。笔者运用定量统计方法统计文本中“上”和“下”的次数，再运用定性分析方法甄别带有隐喻意义的“上”和“下”例句。研究发现文本《鲁迅小说全集》中尽管“上”这个字出现的次数要比“下”更多，但带有隐喻意义的“上”的次数却远小于带有隐喻意义的“下”的次数。这种现象从认知隐喻的角度突出了文本灰暗的主题，反映了作者鲁迅对当时社会的愤怒，不满及反抗。

Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the role of “up” and “down” metaphors in the Complete Stories of Lu Xun by applying cognitive metaphor theory. This book contains all of Lu Xun’s novels, including 32 short stories and one novella, a total of 33 pieces, which are selected from Call to Arms, Hesitation and Old Tales Retold. The vertical metaphor of “up” and “down” constructs a metaphor system, which provides a new angle for us to understand this classic work. In the metaphorical conceptual system of “up” and “down”, in the social hierarchy domain, action domain, position domain, quantity domain and degree domain formed by them, “up” usually represents a positive and optimistic side, while “down” basically reflects negative emotions. Quantitative statistical method is applied to count the number of “up” and “down” in the text, and then qualitative analysis method is used to identify metaphorical “up” and “down” example sentences. It is found that although the word “up” appears more frequently than “down” in the classic work, the number of “down” with metaphorical meaning is much bigger than that of “up” with metaphorical meaning. This phenomenon reflects Lu Xun’s anger, dissatisfaction and resistance to the society at that time from the perspective of cognitive metaphor.