糖尿病对骨关节炎进展的影响
Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Progress of Osteoarthritis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.134770, PDF,  被引量   
作者: 张 征:山东大学齐鲁医学院,山东大学附属省立医院关节外科,山东 济南;孙 水*:山东大学齐鲁医学院,山东大学附属省立医院关节外科,山东 济南;山东第一医科大学附属省立医院关节外科,山东 济南
关键词: 骨关节炎糖尿病软骨软骨下骨滑膜Osteoarthritis Diabetes Mellitus Cartilage Subchondral Bone Synovium
摘要: 骨关节炎(Osteoarthritis, OA)是临床上老年患者中最常见的慢性退行性关节疾病,其病理过程会涉及关节软骨、软骨下骨、滑膜和周围神经等关节内各个结构。糖尿病(Diabetes Mellitus, DM)是老年人群中常见的慢性疾病之一,其存在会对全身各组织器官的功能产生不利影响。骨关节炎和糖尿病常共同存在。既往研究表明,二者之间存在着密切联系,糖尿病是骨关节炎的独立危险因素,糖尿病对骨关节炎的进展起着重要作用。本文对糖尿病在促进骨关节炎发展过程中对关节各结构的影响进行了综述。
Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic degenerative joint disease in clinic. Its pathological process involves cartilage, subchondral bone, synovium and peripheral nerve. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the common chronic diseases among the elderly. The existence of DM will adversely affect the functions of various tissues and organs in the whole body. DM often coexists with OA. Pre-vious studies have shown that there is a close relationship between them. DM is an independent risk factor for OA, and DM plays an important role in the progress of OA. This paper summarizes the influence of DM on joint structures in the process of promoting OA development.
文章引用:张征, 孙水. 糖尿病对骨关节炎进展的影响[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(4): 5434-5443. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.134770

参考文献

[1] Cho, N.H., Shaw, J., Karuranga, S., et al. (2018) IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global Estimates of Diabetes Prevalence for 2017 and Projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 138, 271-281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Bruno, G., Runzo, C., Cavallo-Perin, P., et al. (2005) Incidence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults Aged 30-49 Years: The Population-Based Registry in the Province of Turin, It-aly. Diabetes Care, 28, 2613-2619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Holman, N., Young, B. and Gadsby, R. (2015) Current Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults and Children in the UK. Diabetic Medicine, 9, 1119-1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Group UPDS (1998) Tight Blood Pressure Control and Risk of Macro-vascular and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ, 317, 703-713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[5] Schmidt, A.M. (2019) Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Dis-ease: Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 39, 558-568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[6] Zelnick, L.R., Weiss, N.S., Kestenbaum, B.R., et al. (2017) Diabetes and CKD in the United States Population, 2009- 2014. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 12, 1984-1990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[7] Tuttle, K.R., Bakris, G.L., Bilous, R.W., et al. (2014) Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Report from an ADA Consensus Conference. Diabetes Care, 37, 2864-2883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Yau, J.W., Rogers, S.L., Kawasaki, R., et al. (2012) Global Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care, 35, 556-564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Sabanayagam, C., Banu, R., Chee, M.L., et al. (2019) Incidence and Pro-gression of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 7, 140-149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[10] Boulton, A.J., Malik, R.A., Arezzo, J.C., et al. (2004) Dia-betic Somatic Neuropathies. Diabetes Care, 27, 1458-1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Ang, L., Jaiswal, M., Martin, C., et al. (2014) Glucose Control and Diabetic Neuropathy: Lessons from Recent Large Clinical Trials. Current Diabetes Reports, 14, 1-15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Albers, J.W. and Pop-Busui, R. (2014) Diabetic Neuropathy: Mechanisms, Emerging Treatments, and Subtypes. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 14, 1-11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Volmer-Thole, M. and Lobmann, R. (2016) Neuropathy and Dia-betic Foot Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Van Netten, J., Price, P.E., Lavery, L., et al. (2016) Prevention of Foot Ulcers in the At-Risk Patient with Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 32, 84-98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Martin, E.T., Kaye, K.S., Knott, C., et al. (2016) Diabetes and Risk of Surgical Site Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 37, 88-99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Luk, A.O., Wu, H., Lau, E.S., et al. (2021) Temporal Trends in Rates of Infection-Related Hospitalisations in Hong Kong People with and without Diabetes, 2001-2016: A Retrospective Study. Diabetologia, 64, 109-118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Fang, M., Ishigami, J., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J.B., et al. (2021) Diabetes and the Risk of Hospitalisation for Infection: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Dia-betologia, 64, 2458-2465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Karter, A.J., Schillinger, D., Adams, A.S., et al. (2013) Elevated Rates of Diabetes in Pacific Islanders and Asian Subgroups: The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Diabetes Care, 36, 574-579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., et al. (2022) IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, Regional and Country-Level Diabetes Prevalence Estimates for 2021 and Projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 183, Article ID: 109119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Chen, D., Shen, J., Zhao, W., et al. (2017) Osteoarthritis: Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Pathological Mechanism. Bone Re-search, 5, 1-13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] O’neill, T.W., Mccabe, P.S. and Mcbeth, J. (2018) Update on the Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Disease Outcomes of Osteoarthritis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 32, 312-326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] 黎丹东, 李琳琳, 苏峰, 等. 膝骨关节炎与性别和年龄的相关性研究[J]. 临床医学研究与实践, 2019, 4(31): 1-3+8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[23] Vina, E.R. and Kwoh, C.K. (2018) Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis: Literature Update. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 30, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[24] Hunterdj, B. and Zeinstra, S. (1759) Osteoarthritis. The Lancet, 393, 1745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[25] Zhang, Z., Huang, C., Jiang, Q., et al. (2020) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis in China (2019 Edition). Annals of Translational Medicine, 8, 1213.
[26] Schett, G., Kleyer, A., Perricone, C., et al. (2013) Diabetes Is an Independent Predictor for Severe Osteoar-thritis: Results from a Longitudinal Cohort Study. Diabetes Care, 36, 403-409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Eymard, F., Parsons, C., Edwards, M., et al. (2015) Diabetes Is a Risk Factor for Knee Osteoarthritis Progression. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 23, 851-859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Louati, K., Vidal, C., Berenbaum, F., et al. (2015) Association be-tween Diabetes Mellitus and Osteoarthritis: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. RMD Open, 1, e000077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Abramoff, B. and Caldera, F.E. (2020) Osteoarthritis: Pathol-ogy, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options. Medical Clinics, 104, 293-311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Li, G., Yin, J., Gao, J., et al. (2013) Subchondral Bone in Osteo-arthritis: Insight into Risk Factors and Microstructural Changes. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 15, 1-12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Henrotin, Y., Pesesse, L. and Sanchez, C. (2012) Subchondral Bone and Oste-oarthritis: Biological and Cellular Aspects. Osteoporosis International, 23, 847-851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Wenham, C.Y. and Conaghan, P.G. (2010) The Role of Synovitis in Osteoarthritis. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease, 2, 349-359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[33] Sharma, L., Pai, Y.C., Holtkamp, K., et al. (1997) Is Knee Joint Proprioception Worse in the Arthritic Knee versus the Unaffected Knee in Unilateral Knee Osteoarthritis? Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 40, 1518-1525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Veronese, N., Cooper, C., Reginster, J.-Y., et al. (2019) Type 2 Dia-betes Mellitus and Osteoarthritis. Proceedings of the Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 49, 9-19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] 王凯声, 亓建洪. 2型糖尿病与软骨退变相关性的研究进展[J]. 实用骨科杂志, 2021, 27(11): 1015-1018.
[36] Buckwalter, J.A., Mankin, H.J. and Grodzinsky, A.J. (2005) Ar-ticular Cartilage and Osteoarthritis. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Instructional Course Lectures, 54, 465-480.
[37] Glyn-Jones, S. and Palmer, A. (2015) Osteoarthritis. The Lancet, 386, 376-387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[38] Li, Z., Huang, Z. and Bai, L. (2021) Cell Interplay in Osteo-arthritis. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9, Article ID: 720477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Neumann, J., Hofmann, F.C., Heilmeier, U., et al. (2018) Type 2 Diabetes Patients Have Accelerated Cartilage Matrix Degeneration Compared to Diabetes Free Controls: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 26, 751-761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Atayde, S.A., Yoshinari, N.H., Nascimento, D.P., et al. (2012) Experimental Diabetes Modulates Collagen Remodelling of Joints in Rats. Histology and Histopathology, 27, 1471-1479.
[41] El Karib, A.O., Al-Ani, B., Al-Hashem, F., et al. (2016) Insulin and Vanadium Protect against Osteo-arthritis Development Secondary to Diabetes Mellitus in Rats. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 122, 148-154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Rosa, S.C., Gonçalves, J., Judas, F., et al. (2009) Impaired Glucose Transporter-1 Degradation and Increased Glucose Transport and Oxidative Stress in Response to High Glucose in Chondrocytes from Osteoarthritic versus Normal Human Cartilage. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 11, R80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Ribeiro, M., De Figueroa, P.L., Blanco, F., et al. (2016) Insulin Decreases Autophagy and Leads to Cartilage Degradation. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 24, 731-739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[44] Vaamonde-Garcia, C., Courties, A., Pigenet, A., et al. (2017) The Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor/Heme Oxygenase-1 Axis Is Critical for the Inflammatory Features of Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Osteoarthritis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292, 14505-14515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[45] Nielen, J.T., De Vries, F., Dagnelie, P.C., et al. (2016) Use of Thi-azolidinediones and the Risk of Elective Hip or Knee Replacement: A Population Based Case-Control Study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 81, 370-378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] 马丁, 师东良, 李姣, 等. 关节软骨损伤再生修复研究进展[J]. 生命科学, 2021, 33(11): 1353-1362.
[47] Rasheed, Z., Akhtar, N. and Haqqi, T.M. (2011) Advanced Glycation End Products Induce the Expression of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 by Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product-Mediated Ac-tivation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Nuclear Factor-κB in Human Osteoarthritis Chondrocytes. Rheuma-tology, 50, 838-851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Rasheed, Z. and Haqqi, T.M. (2012) Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induces the Expression of COX-2 through Activation of eIF2α, p38-MAPK and NF-κB in Advanced Glycation End Products Stimulated Human Chondrocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1823, 2179-2189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] Chen, Y.J., Sheu, M.L., Tsai, K.S., et al. (2013) Advanced Glycation End Products Induce Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Down-Regulation-Related Inflammatory Signals in Human Chondrocytes via Toll-Like Receptor-4 and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products. PLOS ONE, 8, e66611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Wang, J., Wang, G. and Sun, G. (2016) Role of PPARα in Down-Regulating AGE-Induced TGF-β and MMP-9 Expressions in Chondrocytes. Genetics and Molecular Research, 15, gmr7963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Nah, S.-S., Choi, I.-Y., Yoo, B., et al. (2007) Advanced Glycation End Products Increases Matrix Metalloproteinase-1, -3, and -13, and TNF-α in Human Osteoarthritic Chon-drocytes. FEBS Letters, 581, 1928-1932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] Huang, C.-Y., Lai, K.-Y., Hung, L.-F., et al. (2011) Advanced Glycation End Products Cause Collagen II Reduction by Activating Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Pathway in Porcine Chondrocytes. Rheumatology, 50, 1379-1389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[53] Cecil, D.L., Johnson, K., Rediske, J., et al. (2005) Inflamma-tion-Induced Chondrocyte Hypertrophy Is Driven by Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products. The Journal of Immunology, 175, 8296-8302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[54] Trellu, S., Courties, A., Jaisson, S., et al. (2019) Impairment of Glyoxalase-1, an Advanced Glycation End-Product Detoxifying Enzyme, Induced by Inflammation in Age-Related Os-teoarthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 21, 1-12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Chen, Y.J., Chan, D.C., Lan, K.C., et al. (2015) PPARγ Is In-volved in the Hyperglycemia-Induced Inflammatory Responses and Collagen Degradation in Human Chondrocytes and Diabetic Mouse Cartilages. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 33, 373-381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[56] 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)(下) [J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2021, 41(9): 757-784.
[57] 中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)(上) [J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2021, 41(8): 668-695.
[58] Tchetina, E.V., Markova, G.A. and Sharapova, E.P. (2020) Insulin Resistance in Osteoarthritis: Similar Mechanisms to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2020, Article ID: 4143802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] 焦聚阳, 石晶晟, 夏军, 等. 糖尿病性骨关节炎发病机制研究进展[J]. 国际骨科学杂志, 2016, 37(6): 368-372.
[60] Courties, A. and Sellam, J. (2016) Osteoarthritis and Type 2 Diabe-tes Mellitus: What Are the Links? Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 122, 198-206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] Hamada, D., Maynard, R., Schott, E., et al. (2016) Suppressive Effects of Insulin on Tumor Necrosis Factor-Dependent Early Osteoarthritic Changes Associated with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 68, 1392-1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[62] Sharma, A.R., Jagga, S., Lee, S.-S., et al. (2013) Interplay between Cartilage and Subchondral Bone Contributing to Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14, 19805-19830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Suri, S., Walsh, D.A. (2012) Osteochondral Alterations in Osteoar-thritis. Bone, 51, 204-211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] Siebelt, M., Waarsing, J., Groen, H., et al. (2014) Inhibited Osteo-clastic Bone Resorption through Alendronate Treatment in Rats Reduces Severe Osteoarthritis Progression. Bone, 66, 163-170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[65] Kazakia, G.J., Kuo, D., Schooler, J., et al. (2013) Bone and Carti-lage Demonstrate Changes Localized to Bone Marrow Edema-Like Lesions within Osteoarthritic Knees. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21, 94-101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[66] Zhen, G., Wen, C., Jia, X., et al. (2013) Inhibition of TGF-β Sig-naling in Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Subchondral Bone Attenuates Osteoarthritis. Nature Medicine, 19, 704-712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[67] Chen, Y., Wang, T., Guan, M., et al. (2015) Bone Turnover and Articular Cartilage Differences Localized to Subchondral Cysts in Knees with Advanced Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Carti-lage, 23, 2174-2183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Patsch, J.M., Burghardt, A.J., Yap, S.P., et al. (2013) Increased Cortical Porosity in Type 2 Diabetic Postmenopausal Women with Fragility Fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Re-search, 28, 313-324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[69] Farr, J.N., Drake, M.T., Amin, S., et al. (2014) In Vivo Assessment of Bone Quality in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 29, 787-795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[70] Napoli, N., Strotmeyer, E.S., Ensrud, K.E., et al. (2014) Fracture Risk in Diabetic Elderly Men: The MrOS Study. Diabetologia, 57, 2057-2065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[71] Schwartz, A.V. (2016) Epidemiology of Fractures in Type 2 Dia-betes. Bone, 82, 2-8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[72] Jiajue, R., Jiang, Y., Wang, O., et al. (2014) Suppressed Bone Turnover Was Associated with Increased Osteoporotic Fracture Risks in Non-Obese Postmenopausal Chinese Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Osteoporosis International, 25, 1999-2005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[73] Li, J., He, W., Liao, B., et al. (2015) FFA-ROS-P53-Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptosis Contributes to Reduction of Osteoblastogenesis and Bone Mass in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Scientific Reports, 5, Article No. 12724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[74] Reyes, C., Leyland, K.M., Peat, G., et al. (2016) Association between Overweight and Obesity and Risk of Clinically Diagnosed Knee, Hip, and Hand Osteoarthritis: A Population-Based Co-hort Study. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 68, 1869-1875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[75] Chen, Y., Huang, Y.-C., Yan, C.H., et al. (2017) Abnormal Subchondral Bone Remodeling and Its Association with Articular Cartilage Degradation in Knees of Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Bone Research, 5, 1-12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[76] Franke, S., Rüster, C., Pester, J., et al. (2011) Advanced Glycation End Products Affect Growth and Function of Osteoblasts. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology-Incl Supplements, 29, 650.
[77] Hui, A.Y., Mccarty, W.J., Masuda, K., et al. (2012) A Systems Biology Approach to Synovial Joint Lu-brication in Health, Injury, and Disease. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine, 4, 15-37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[78] Rhee, D.K., Marcelino, J., Baker, M., et al. (2005) The Secreted Glycopro-tein Lubricin Protects Cartilage Surfaces and Inhibits Synovial Cell Overgrowth. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115, 622-631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[79] Dahl, L., Dahl, I., Engström-Laurent, A., et al. (1985) Concentration and Molecular Weight of Sodium Hyaluronate in Synovial Fluid from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Ar-thropathies. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 44, 817-822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[80] Scanzello, C.R. and Goldring, S.R. (2012) The Role of Synovitis in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis. Bone, 51, 249-257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[81] Tsai, C.-H., Chiang, Y.-C., Chen, H.-T., et al. (2013) High Glu-cose Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production in Human Synovial Fibroblasts through Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1830, 2649-2658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[82] Pessler, F., Dai, L., Diaz-Torne, C., et al. (2008) The Synovitis of “Non-Inflammatory” Orthopaedic Arthropathies: A Quantitative Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 67, 1184-1187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[83] Li, Q., Wen, Y., Wang, L., et al. (2021) Hyperglycemia-Induced Accumulation of Advanced Glycosylation End Products in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Promotes Knee Osteoarthritis. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 53, 1735- 1747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[84] Hamada, D., Maynard, R., Schott, E., et al. (2016) Insulin Suppresses TNF-Dependent Early Osteoarthritic Changes Associated with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, NJ), 68, 1392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[85] 叶文春, 方向明, 王玉容, 等. 鼠神经生长因子联合硫辛酸治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的疗效观察[J]. 四川医学, 2013, 33(12): 2098-2100.
[86] Zochodne, D.W. (2007) Diabetes Mellitus and the Peripheral Nervous System: Manifestations and Mechanisms. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 36, 144-166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[87] Leaverton, P.E., Peregoy, J., Fahlman, L., et al. (2012) Does Diabetes Hide Osteoarthritis Pain? Medical Hypotheses, 78, 471-474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[88] 段俊虎. 2型糖尿病周围神经损害与膝关节骨关节炎严重程度的关系研究[J]. 中国医药导刊, 2015, 17(5): 462-464.
[89] 朱延波. 2型糖尿病周围神经损害对膝关节骨关节炎严重程度的影响[J]. 实用妇科内分泌电子杂志, 2016, 3(5): 133.